Enzyme Histochemistry

Question 1

Define: Enzymes

Answer 1

Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in biological systems

Question 2

Define: Oxidation

Answer 2

Occurs by combining with oxygen, by the loss of hydrogen, or by the loss of electrons. Hematoxylin is oxidized to hematein by the loss of hydrogen

Question 3

Define: Reduction

Answer 3

Accomplished through the loss of oxygen, or by the gain of hydrogen or electrons

Question 4

Define: Hydrolase

Answer 4

Enzymes that act on various substrates by either adding or removing water

Question 5

Define: Substrate

Question 6

Define: Simultaneous coupling

Question 7

Define: Esterase

Answer 7

Hydrolytic enzymes that act on carboxylic acid esters of alcohols, phenol, and naphthols

Question 8

Define: Phosphatase

Answer 8

A hydrolytic enzyme that breaks the bond between an alcohol and a phosphate group. Are present in a wide variety of plant and animal tissue. Some act specifically on a single substrate (ATPase). Others act with less substrate specificity and are divided into 2 groups: those exhibiting optimal activity at an alkaline pH (alkaline phosphatase) and those exhibiting optimal activity at a low pH (acid phosphatase)

Question 9

Define: Phosphorylase

Answer 9

A transferase that transfers phosphate groups. Widely distributed in animal and plant tissues, and they catalyze a number of reversible reactions, leading to the syntheses and decomp of saccharides. Glycogen phosphorylase is the best-known phosphorylase

Question 10

Define: Epimysium

Question 11

Define: Perimysium

Question 12

Define: Endomysium

Question 13

Describe the histology of normal muscle.

Question 14

Differentiate between type I and type II muscle fibers.

Question 15

List 3 properties of enzymes.

Question 16

List 4 factors that influence enzyme demonstration.

Question 17

List an artifact that may be seen in unfixed frozen sections.

Question 18

Identify a storage solution for tissue to be used for enzyme studies.

Question 19

Identify the preferred method of freezing muscle tissue for enzyme studies.

Question 20

Describe the reactions and results for α-naphthyl acetate esterase.

Question 21

Describe the reactions and results for Naphthol AS-d chloroacetate esterase.

Question 22

Describe the reactions and results for Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase).

Question 23

Describe the reactions and results for Acid phosphatase.

Question 24

Describe the reactions and results for Alkaline phosphatase.

Question 25

Describe the reactions and results for Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) diaphorase.

Question 26

Describe the reactions and results for Succinic dehydrogenase (SDH).

Question 27

Describe the reactions and results for Phosphorylase.

Question 28

Describe the reactions and results for Cytochrome oxidase.

Question 29

Explain how the naphthol AS-d chloroacetate esterase stain differs from most enzyme techniques.

Question 30

Explain why the pH of the NADH diaphorase reaction is critical.

Question 31

Identify the disease indicated by a negative phosphorylase reaction.

Question 32

List 4 types of histochemical reactions for the demonstration of hydrolytic enzymes.