EP Test 1

Question 1

Principles of Psychology (4)

Answer 1

1. determinism
2. empiricism
3. parsimony
4. testability

Question 2

Determinism

Answer 2

events have logical causes

Question 3

Empiricism

Answer 3

observation is the key to learning

Question 4

Parsimony

Answer 4

the simpler the better

Question 5

Testability

Answer 5

theories must be testable

Question 6

Logical Positivism

Answer 6

knowledge must be based on what we can observes with complete certainty

Question 7

Descriptive Studies

Answer 7

describe variable

Question 8

Correlational Studies

Answer 8

predict one variable using another

Question 9

Experimental Studies

Answer 9

explain the relationship between variables

Question 10

Operational Measures

Answer 10

an indirect way to measure abstract concepts

Question 11

Ways of Knowing (4) - least to most reliable

Answer 11

1. authority figures
2. intuition
3. logic
4. observation

Question 12

Deductive Reasoning

Answer 12

general -> specific

Question 13

Inductive reasoning

Answer 13

specific -> general

Question 14

Law

Answer 14

Universal statement about the nature of something

Question 15

Theory

Answer 15

statement about the relationship between variable

Question 16

Hypothesis

Answer 16

specific predictions derived from theories

Question 17

Validation

Answer 17

attempt to gather information to support hypothesis

Question 18

Falsification

Answer 18

attempt to refute hypothesis

Question 19

Qualification

Answer 19

attempt to identify boundaries or limitations

Question 20

Positive Test Bias

Answer 20

confirmation bias (you see what you expect to see)

Question 21

p-value

Answer 21

(significance level) the probability that findings result from chance or random error

Question 22

How to lower p-values

Answer 22

greater sample size; greater difference between groups

Question 23

Type I Error

Answer 23

incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis (rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true)

Question 24

Type II Error

Answer 24

failing to reject an incorrect null hypothesis (no rejecting null hypothesis when it is false)

Question 25

Boundary conditions

Answer 25

limitations of theories

Question 26

Case study

Answer 26

descriptive study that examines an individual or group

Question 27

Census

Answer 27

study using data from every member of the population

Question 28

Random Sampling

Answer 28

everyone has an equal chance of being selected

Question 29

Cluster sampling

Answer 29

breaking down the population into clusters then selecting

Question 30

Stratified Sampling

Answer 30

sampling based on certain subgroups

Question 31

Convenience Sampling

Answer 31

sampling based on whatever subjects are nearest/most convenient

Question 32

Best Fit Line

Answer 32

Positive slope = positive correlation Negative slope = negative correlation Flat line = no correlation

Question 33

Positive correlation

Answer 33

as X increases/decreases, Y also increases/decreases

Question 34

Negative Correlation

Answer 34

as X increases/decreases, Y decreases/increases

Question 35

Questionnaires/Interviews

Answer 35

self-reporting

Question 36

Archival Analysis

Answer 36

using preexisting data

Question 37

Observational Research

Answer 37

real behavior in a natural setting

Question 38

Validity

Answer 38

accuracy

Question 39

Reliability

Answer 39

consistency

Question 40

Construct Validity

Answer 40

Is the operational definition a good one? Does it measure the abstract concept?

Question 41

Assessing Construct Validity (4)

Answer 41

1. face validity 2. content validity 3. convergent validity 4. discriminant validity

Question 42

Face validity

Answer 42

does it seem to measure the concept?

Question 43

Content validity

Answer 43

does it cover the entire range of the construct?

Question 44

Convergent validity

Answer 44

does it correlate with other variables that measure the concept?

Question 45

Discriminant validity

Answer 45

does it discriminate between similar constructs?

Question 46

Internal Validity

Answer 46

extent to which the study design allows us to conclude causality

Question 47

External Validity

Answer 47

extent to which study is generalizable

Question 48

Internal Reliability

Answer 48

consistency of scale/measure

Question 49

Interrater Reliability

Answer 49

consistency among judges

Question 50

Test-Retest Reliability

Answer 50

consistency between trials/over time

Question 51

Random Errors

Answer 51

chance fluctuations in measurement

Question 52

Systematic Errors

Answer 52

nonrandom fluctuations in measurement

Question 53

Nominal

Answer 53

categorical data (arbitrary)

Question 54

Ordinal

Answer 54

data that classifies and ranks

Question 55

Interval

Answer 55

data that classifies, ranks, and has standardized relative distances

Question 56

Ratio

Answer 56

data that classifies, ranks, has standardized relative distances, and a true 0 (meaning a lack of)