Equine Repro

Question 1

what are the criteria to induce ovulation in the horse

Answer 1

35 mm follicle
uterine edema
relax uterus tone
open cervix
estrous behavior

Question 2

what can you give a mare to induce ovulation

Answer 2

hCG (LH like activity)
GnRH (LH & FSH)

Question 3

when do mares ovulate after induction

Answer 3

1.5-2 days after induction

Question 4

if you want to short cycle a mare what drug do you use

Answer 4

prostaglandins (PGF2alpha)

Question 5

when is a CL susceptible to luteolysis via prostaglandins

Answer 5

5 days after ovulation

Question 6

how does artificial light affect the stallion

Answer 6

alters timing of peak sperm - increased daily sperm production earlier

Question 7

how to assess fertility in stallion

Answer 7

BSE
scrotal width is correlated with potential sperm output

Question 8

what are the semen types and how do they impact timing of insemination

Answer 8

fresh - 2 days (best fertility)
cooled - 1 days
frozen - 12 hours (variable)

Question 9

after ovulation how long will the equine oocyte remain viable

Answer 9

12 hours

Question 10

sequelae of late fertilization

Answer 10

no pregnancy
embryo death
delayed development

Question 11

when does the embryo enter the uterus in the mare

Answer 11

5-6 days after ovulation

Question 12

mare maternal recognition of pregnancy

Answer 12

occurs day 12-14
embryo moves all around uterus to prevent release of prostaglandins and luteal regression

Question 13

when does the embryo become fixed in the mares uterus at the base of uterine horn (but not adhered)

what do you see on US

Answer 13

day 17-19

seen on US with dorsal uterine hypertrophy

Question 14

when is the embryo proper imaged

Answer 14

day 25-30

Question 15

what does the chorionic girdle produce

Answer 15

eCG (PMSG)

Question 16

when do endometrial cups form and when do they disappear?

Answer 16

day 35
day 120

Question 17

best test for pregnancy diagnosis in the mare?

Answer 17

estrone sulfate (increase on day 45)

E produced by fetoplacental unit

Question 18

why are twins undesirable in the mare? what is the most effective option?

Answer 18

insufficient uterine capacity

manual reduction at day 12-15

Question 19

supplements for pregnant mare to support pregnancy

Answer 19

progesterone
altrenogest (progestin)

Question 20

diagnosis of pregnancy loss

Answer 20

return to estrus
palpation or US
no foal

Question 21

what is a trophoblastic vesciel

Answer 21

sign of embryo insult
no inner cell mass
retained CL
can maintain for 20-40 days

Question 22

mare gestation

Answer 22

340 days

Question 23

signs of foaling

Answer 23

mammary gland development
dropped abdomen
ventral edema
perineal relaxation
teat engorgement
mammary electrolytes

(waxing teats + elongation of vulva)

Question 24

stages of labor

Answer 24

I - rupture of chorioallantoic membrane + uterine contractions
II - expulsion of fetus
III - expulsion of placenta

Question 25

describe premature placental separation

Answer 25

red bag chorionallantoic membrane fails to rupture and placenta separates from endometrium foal risk of hypoxia

Question 26

what is the most common early postpartum problem

Answer 26

retained placenta (> 3 hours) full or tip of nonpregnant horn

Question 27

sequelae of retained placenta

Answer 27

metritis endotoxemia, sepsis laminitis

Question 28

treatment of retained placenta

Answer 28

**oxytocin** lavage infusion abx NSAIDs

Question 29

problems with breeding postpartum mare

Answer 29

short interval to ovulation need at least 9 days to ovulation after foaling confirm no discharge or signs of uterine fluid

Question 30

signs of anovulatory follicle on US

Answer 30

spots, strands, shape

Question 31

how to not confuse a cyst with embryo

Answer 31

cyst will not change location, size or have a heartbeat

Question 32

sequelae of pneumouterus/pneumovagina

Answer 32

prevent pregnancy infection

Question 33

how to diagnose endometritis

Answer 33

failure to conceive early return to estrus vaginal discharge fluid uterus lumen culture cytology

Question 34

how to treat endometritis

Answer 34

treat predisposing problem prostaglandins ecbolics (oxytocin or prostaglandins) lavage Abx

Question 35

what abx for endometritis

Answer 35

ampicillin ceftiofur gentocin ticarcillin

Question 36

why not use gentamicin or baytril for endometritis?

Answer 36

gentamicin needs bicarb baytril - hemorrhagic endometritis

Question 37

what is unique about a mare with pyometra

Answer 37

not systemically ill

Question 38

treatment of urine pooling

Answer 38

time, weight and exercise NOT CASLICK Sx

Question 39

components of routine castration

Answer 39

both testes present dont remove one testis remove smaller testis first

Question 40

what is the difference between an open and closed castration

Answer 40

does not depend on skin closure based upon incising or not incising the common vaginal tunic

Question 41

would you do an open or closed castration in a young/small horse up to 3 yrs old

Answer 41

closed single emasculation is more secure crushing on small testes

Question 42

would you do an open or closed castration in an older horse with larger testes and spermatic cords

Answer 42

open need more secure crushing - double emasculate 'nut to nut'

Question 43

common castration complications which do you refer?

Answer 43

hemorrhage (refer if too much) excessive swelling infection eventration (refer)

Question 44

diagnosis of cryptorchid castration

Answer 44

history palpation US hcG stimulation

Question 45

diagnostics for unknown castration history

Answer 45

stallion like behavior palpation US testosterone and/or hCG stimulation do NOT rely on cx incisions

Question 46

indications for caslick procedure in the mare

Answer 46

older mare multiple pregnancies loss of condition perineal lacerations

Question 47

what makes the vulva abnormal in need for a caslick procedure

Answer 47

< 80% from vertical > 50% vulva above ischial arch

Question 48

how far due you suture for a caslick

Answer 48

down to level of tuber ischii

Question 49

what suture type and pattern for a caslick

Answer 49

simple continuous absorbable or non-absorbable cutting needle