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RUSVM Theriogenology 2017 > Equine Repro > Flashcards

Equine Repro Flashcards

1
Q

What areas of the equine repro tract harbor bacteria?

A

Clitoral fossa

Clitoral sinuses

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2
Q

What is the most sensitive organ to hormonal stimulation in the horse?

A

Cervix

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3
Q

Describe the cervix under the influence of progesterone

A

Closed
Dry
Homogenous appearance on ultrasound

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4
Q

Describe the cervix under the influence of estrogen

A 
Low
relaxed
moist
hypertrophic and edematous
"cartwheel" shaped n ultrasound
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5
Q

Describe the cervix during midestrus

A

Moist and on the floor of the vagina

Dorsal frenulum is present

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6
Q

What is different about the cervix of the equine compared to other species?

A

always dilatable due to the absence of fibrous rings

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7
Q

Describe the Uterus in the mare compared to the cow

A

Y- or T-shaped ovaries

more lateral than cow

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8
Q

Why are the endometrial folds critical in the equine repro tract?

A

reproductive management

defense

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9
Q

Where do you find unfertilized ova in the equine?

A

Oviduct

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10
Q

When do fertilized ova descend into the uterus?

A

day 5.5

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11
Q

What causes the Uterotubule junction to open?

A

PGE

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12
Q

What is the function of the oviduct in the equine?

A

Sperm storage
Fertilization site
embryo transport

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13
Q

What is the hormone for maternal recognition in equine?

A

Prostaglandin E2

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14
Q

When would you flush the equine for embryo transfer?

A

day 7-8

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15
Q

What is the size of a mature follicle?

A

40+ mm

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16
Q

Where do follicles ovulate in the ovary?

A

ovulation fossa

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17
Q

Why does the follicle change shape when it ovulates?

A

as the follicle migrates to the ovulation fossa it changes shape from spherical to oblong

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18
Q

How many glands are in each side of the mare’s udder?

A

2 glands

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19
Q

What is the only pathology of the mare’s udder?

A

Mastitis

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20
Q

What gland is responsible for the mare’s cyclic breeding?

A

Pineal gland

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21
Q

What type of breeders are equine?

A

Long day breeders

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22
Q

Describe how melatonine affects GnRH

A

High levels of Melatonin in dark days inhibit production of GnRH
Low levels of Melatonin produce GnRH

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23
Q

What happens to Mares during Winter anestrous?

A

About 30% show heat but only half ovulate

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24
Q

What happens during the Spring Transition in mares?

A

Begin to display heat but may not ovulate

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25
Q

Describe the uterus in anestrous

A

no ovarian activity

uterus is flaccid with no tone

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26
Q

When should you start putting the mare under lights to stimulate estrous?

A

60 days before

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27
Q

How many hours of light do you need to expose the mare to to affect her seasonality?

A

16 hours of daylight

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28
Q

Describe the Transitional period in mares

A

Mares have multiple variable size follicles
Uterus has estrual tone, evidence of uterine edema
Displays signs of estrus for variable length of time
Ends with the first ovulation of the year

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29
Q

How can you reduce the length of the Transitional period?

A 
Progesterone 
Progestagens
Dopamine antagonists
Domperidone 
Sulpiride
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30
Q

What would cause a mare to mount another mare?

A

testosterone secreting pathology

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31
Q

What can you use to induce ovulation?

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin
Deslorelin injectable
Recombinant LH

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32
Q

What is the problem with hCG?

A

High antigenicity due to the large molecule size

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33
Q

What is the advantage of using Deslorelin (GnRH)?

A

Induces more effectively and over a shorter period of time

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34
Q

When does the CL reach maximum maturity level?

A

day 4-5

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35
Q

What are possible causes of failure to respond to ovulatory inducing agents?

A

“immature follicles” with not enough LH receptors
Mares are not in estrus even though a large follicle is present
Anovulatory follicles

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36
Q

HAF

A

Hemorrhagic Anovulatory Follicles

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37
Q

Hemorrhagic Anovulatory Follicles (HAF)

A

Fails to ovulate in response to ovulatory inducing agents

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38
Q

What are the options for luteolysis and estrus induction?

A

PGF 2 alpha

Cloprostenol

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39
Q

What is the estrus interval average after luteolysis?

A

3-5 days

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40
Q

What is the ovulation interval after luteolysis?

A

8-10 days

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41
Q

Where is PGF 2 alpha metabolized?

A

in the lungs

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42
Q

What are the side effects of PGF 2 alpha?

A

Diarrhea
Abdominal cramps
sweating

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43
Q

When is the CL responsive to prostaglandin?

A

5 days

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44
Q

What are the wrong used of Prostaglandin?

A

Ovulation induction
Uterine evacuation post-ovulation
Induction of parturition

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45
Q

What determines the interval between prostaglandin injection and ovulation?

A

Size of the follicle at the time of treatment

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46
Q

What are the factors that maximize your chances of a pregnant mare?

A

Good management
Clean Mare
Good Timing
Good semen

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47
Q

How many days from the time of ovulation to the next time the mare shows heat?

A

15 days

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48
Q

How often can a stallion breed per day?

A

2-4 times

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49
Q

What is the limiting factor for number o times a stallion breeds per day?

A

Libido

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50
Q

Describe Endometrial Edema Grade 4

A 
Thicker 
Hypo-echoic center
Hyper-echoic wall
More prominent at the uterine body but still maintains a nice uterine architecture 
"cart wheel"
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51
Q

Describe Endometrial Edema Grade 5

Hyper-edema

A

Very thick endometrial folds loss of “normal” US architecture
Increased surface area, often free fluid not observed
Follicles variable

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52
Q

When should you breed pre-ovulation with natural breeding in the mare?

A

72-48 hours pre ovulation

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53
Q

When should you breed pre-ovulation with Fresh semen in the mare?

A

less than 48 hours pre ovulation

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54
Q

When should you breed pre-ovulation with fresh cooled semen in the mare?

A

24-36 hours pre ovulation

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55
Q

When should you breed pre-ovulation with frozen semen in the mare?

A

less than 12 hours pre ovulation

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56
Q

Why do we not want to inseminate post ovulation in the mare?

A

DNA damage is very quick once the egg is released

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57
Q

Definition of proper artificial insemination

A

Deposition of good quality semen into the uterus of a clean mare at the right time

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58
Q

What are the advantages of AI in the mare?

A

Maximize efficiency of stallion usage
Increase genetic pool due to increased availability of stallions
More regular evaluation of stallion semen
Reduce risk of sexually transmittable diseases
Increases safety of animals and handlers

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59
Q

What is the main factor contributing to sperm migration to the oviduct of the mare?

A

Uterine contractility

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60
Q

Where are sperm deposited in the mare?

A

Uterus

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61
Q

What is responsible for eliminating excess fluid from the uterus in the mare?

A

Myometrial contractions

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62
Q

What is the order of fertility in mares?

A
  1. Young Maiden Mare
  2. Early Foaling Mares
  3. Barren Mares
  4. Old Maiden Mares
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63
Q

What type of insemination is used in mares to reduce inflammation and increase pregnancy rates with difficult stallions?

A

Deep Horn Insemination

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64
Q

What is the order of best treatment options for mares that do not become pregnant when bred with good semen under excellent management conditions?

A
  1. Embryo transfer
  2. Oocyte transfer
  3. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
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65
Q

What are the indications for embryo transfer in mares?

A

Young mares in competition
Mares with severe uterine problems
More than one foal a year
Biopsy for desired outcome (HERDA, HYPP, GEBD, EPSM, Gender)

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66
Q

Indications for Cytoplasmic Sperm injection

A

Old mares where it is not possible to retrieve an embryo
Oviductal disease
Mares that have died
Use of stallions with very limited amount of semen available

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67
Q

Indications for Oocyte transfer

A

Old mares where it is not possible to retrieve an embryo
Oviductal disease
Mares with unexplained infertility

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68
Q

Describe proper vulvar conformation

A

vulva is 1/3 above and 2/3 below the pelvic bone

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69
Q

What is the most reliable way to examine the patency of the cervix?

A

digital examination during diestrus

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70
Q

What happens in maiden mares cervixes?

A

cervix will start to loose its functional integrity

The muscle layer undergoes a marked atrophy and the cervix becomes a collagenous tube that does not dilate

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71
Q

What are the different pathology of the cervix in the mare?

A

Fails to relax and open during estrus
Fails to close during diestrus
Adhesions

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72
Q

What is the most common bacteria causing endometritis in mares?

A

Streptococcus zooepidemicus

Escherichia coli

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73
Q

When would you perform a uterine biopsy?

A 
Repeated embyronic death 
Repeated abortions 
Fail to respond to treatment 
Unable to diagnose uterine pathology with routine swab
Prognosis of pregnancy
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74
Q

Grade III Uterine Biopsy

A

Severe fibrosis
Nest of glands isolated throughout the uterus
Severe damage to the uterus

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75
Q

What happens to edema as the mare reaches ovulation?

A

Edema starts to decrease toward ovulation

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76
Q

When do you see the most significant decrease in edema before ovulation in the mare?

A

18-36 hours pre ovulation

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77
Q

If you see high uterine edema what does that signal in the mare?

A

Low fertility

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78
Q

What are the causes of Failure to cycle in the mare?

A 
Winter anestrous 
Transitional mare
Pregnancy
Endocrine
Uterine Pathology
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79
Q

What causes Prolonged diestrus/pseudopregnancy in the mare?

A

CL lifespan prolonged beyond day 15
Diestral ovulations
Early embryonic death after maternal recognition of pregnancy 15-35 days
Failure of PGF 2 alpha release due to uterine abnormality: pyometra

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80
Q

What is the cause of Failure to cycle?

A 
Aged mares stop cycling 
Limited number of oocytes
Low body condition score 
negative energy balance 
Anterior Pituitary dysfunction 
Adrenal problem
Tumors
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81
Q

What is the most common Gondal dysgenesis in the mare?

A

Turner’s Syndrome: small ovaries and infantile tract

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82
Q

What is the most common hermaphrodite?

A

Male Hermaphrodite

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83
Q

What are the tumors of the mare repro tract?

A 
Teratoma
Dysgerminoma
Cystadenoma
Granulosa cell tumor 
Granulosa-thecal cell tumor
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84
Q

What is the most common tumor of the equine repro tract?

A

Granulosa-Thecal Cell tumor

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85
Q

Clinical signs of Granulosa-Thecal cell tumors

A

Aggressive
Nymphomania
stallion-like
Anestrus

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86
Q

What is the treatment of Granulosa-Thecal cell tumors?

A

Remove ovary

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87
Q

How do you diagnose Granulosa-Thecal cell tumor in mares?

A

Measure Inhibin

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88
Q

What are the barriers to infection?

A

Vulva
vestibulo-vaginal fold
Cervix

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89
Q

Types of Endometritis in the mare

A 
Breeding induced
Persistent breeding induced
Acute Bacterial 
Chronic Bacterial 
Chronic Degenerative
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90
Q

What causes Persistent Breeding Induced Endometritis in the mare?

A

Mares unable to evacuate residual fluid from the uterus due to poor uterine contractility or a poorly relaxed cervix are categorized as susceptible to uterine infections

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91
Q

What are the effects of uterine pathology on ovarian function?

A

Anestrus
Short luteal phases
Prolonged luteal phases

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92
Q

What type of bacteria causes short luteal phases?

A

Gram negative bacteria

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93
Q

What does Gram positive bacteria cause in the mare?

A

Inflammation affecting the uterine lining causing PGF 2 alpha to not be released

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94
Q

When should we culture the biopsy in the mare?

A

Mares that continue to accumulate fluid
Mares that ovulate with hyper-edema
Mares that show premature presence of uterine edema

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95
Q

Therapy for Persistent Mating induced Endometritis

A

Reduce the degree of inflammation

Reduce the time the fluid is accumulated

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96
Q

What are the predisposing factors of Chronic bacterial or fungal endometritis?

A

Poor perineal conformation
Cervical incompetence
Poor uterine contractility

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97
Q

What is the therapy for Biofilms in mares?

A 
Acetylcisteine
DMSO
EDTA
Gentocin 
Kerosene
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98
Q

Cause of Early embryonic death

A 
Embryonic abnormalities
Insufficient maternal P4
Failed MRP
stress
disease
Inadequate endometrium 
Endometritis
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99
Q

Signs of Embryonic Death

A

Small size for gestational age
Irregular vesicle prior to day 20
Absence of a heart beat at day 28-30
Free fluid or disseminated edema in a pregnant mare

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100
Q

Abortion

A

loss of a pregnancy once the fetal stage has started

45+ days - birth

101
Q

What is the most common cause of non-infectious abortion?

A

Twinning

102
Q

What are the three routes of infection in the mare?

A

Transcervical
Hematogenous
Previous intrauterine infection

103
Q

What is the most common cause of infectious infertility in the mare?

A

Herpes Virus

104
Q

What is the most common cause of endometritis in the mare?

A

Streptococcus Zooepidemicus

105
Q

What is the signalment for Equine Herpes Virus 1?

A

Mares 5,7,9 months of gestation

106
Q

What are the lesions of EHV 1?

A

Hydrothorax
pulmonary edema
hepatic necrotic foci
eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in the foci in of the liver

107
Q

EHV III

A 
Coital exanthema
Transmitted by the stallion 
Self-limiting 
Secondary bacterial infection 
Remove from service until heal
108
Q

Clinical signs of EVA

A 
Fever 
depression 
Rhinitis
conjunctivitis
Ventral edema
Abortion 3-10 months
109
Q

What is the only true venereal sexually transmissible disease in mares?

A

Contagious Equine Metritis

110
Q

How do you diagnose Taylorella equigenitalis?

A

Culture penis, urethra, preejaculatory fluid and semen

111
Q

When is the earliest a pregnancy can be diagnosed in the mare?

A

10- 16 days post ovulation

112
Q

What are you checking for on days 28-32 on ultrasound in the mare?

A

Normal embryonic development
Presence of a heartbeat
Checking for one embryo

113
Q

Vesicular morphology

A

Embyronic disk is always on the ventral side of the vesicle

114
Q

What is responsible for maternal recognition in the mare?

A

Estrogen production + contact of the embryo = blockage of Prostaglandin production

115
Q

When does the embryo fixate in the mare?

A

day 16

116
Q

Describe the embryo on day 28-32

A

the embryo is in the middle of the vesicle and half is yolk sac and half is amniotic fluid

117
Q

Describe the embryo at day 35-37

A

the embryo reaches the top of the vesicle and then becomes too heavy and the embryo falls to the ventral part of the vesicle

118
Q

At what day is the embryo fully formed?

A

After day 45

119
Q

When can you identify the genital tubercle?

A

day 55-65

120
Q

What maintains the pregnancy until day 160?

A

CL

121
Q

What occurs on day 100-120?

A

Gonads develop and produce estrone sulfate

122
Q

What maintains the pregnancy after day 160?

A

progestagins from the fetal placental unit

123
Q

What can cause twinning?

A

Ovulatory inducing agents

124
Q

What is the method for twin reduction?

A 
Spontaneous reduction 
Manual reduction 
Transvaginal Aspiration 
Manual trauma with membrane rupture 
Craneo-cervical dislocation 
Intracardiac injection of KCl
Surgery 
Diet
125
Q

Mummification

A

death in the absence of bacterial infection

126
Q

Maceration

A

dead fetus with bacterial contamination

127
Q

What is the treatment for Mummification or Maceration?

A

Removal of fetus

Uterine lavage and antibiotics

128
Q

How deep should the amniotic and allantoic fluids be?

A

7.9 +/- 3.5cm and 13.4 +/- 4.4cm

129
Q

What are the most reliable parameters to indicate fetal well-being?

A

FHR/FHR reactivity

130
Q

Signs of Placentitis

A

Purulent vulval discharge
Udder development
Premature lactation
Cervical dilation

131
Q

What is the therapy for Ascending Placentitis?

A

Antibiotic that crosses the placenta
Anti-inflammatories
Uterine relaxants
+/- Uterine Blood flow

132
Q

What is common in older multiparous mares?

A

Vaginal varicose veins

133
Q

What is a normal incidental finding in pregnant mares?

A

Allantoic vesicles

134
Q

What is the most common Hydropic condition in mares?

A

Hydro-allantois

135
Q

How do you treat Colic due to pregnancy in mares?

A

Altrenogest supplementation
Flunixin Meglumine
Antibiotics

136
Q

When does Uterine torsion occur?

A

Late gestation

137
Q

What is the treatment for Uterine Torsion?

A

Rolling
Flank approach
Ventral midline if foal is dead

138
Q

How do you treat ventral abdominal edema?

A

diuretics and exercise

139
Q

Characteristics of Pre-pubic tendon rupture of the mare

A

Cranial displacement of the udder
Obvious abdominal drop
Sero-sanguinous to bloody mammary secretion

140
Q

Prolonged gestation

A

greater than 360-380 days

141
Q

What are the causes of prolonged gestation?

A

Relationship to photoperiod
10 days longer in early spring than mid summer
Arrest of embryonic/fetal development may occur in early pregnancy lasting 3-5 weeks

142
Q

What does Fescue cause?

A

Decreased milk production due to low prolactin
Prolonged gestation or even abortion
Weak or dead foals
Dystocia

143
Q

How do you treat Fescue toxicosis?

A

Remove source 30-45 days before parturition

Domperidone

144
Q

When should a pregnant mare be vaccinated?

A

10 months of gestation with all annuals and antibodies for colostrum

145
Q

How should you prepare the mare for foaling?

A

Vaccination
Deworm
Nutrition
Exercise

146
Q

What is the normal mare gestation length?

A

320-365 days

147
Q

When would you open the Caslick before parturition?

A

1 weeks

148
Q

In how many weeks is parturition due in the mare with udder enlargement?

A

2-4 weeks

149
Q

In how many days is parturition due in the mare with clear watery secretions from the udder?

A

4-5 days

150
Q

How many days is parturition due in the mare with Thick, sticky clear or yellowish exudate from the udder?

A

24-48 hours

151
Q

How many days is parturition due in the mare with Thick, waxy exudate on the udder?

A

24-48 hours

152
Q

Describe the first stage of labor in the mare

A 
Cervix relaxes
uterine contractions 
Fetal rotation 
Restless mare
sweating
153
Q

Describe the second stage of labor in the mare

A 
Uterine contractions intensify 
Sweating 
fetus enters the birth canal 
Chorio-allantoic membrane ruptures
Abdominal contractions 
Amnion appears at vulva
154
Q

What are the requirements for induction in the mare?

A

greater than 330 days of gestation
Cervix is open atleast 3 fingers
Colostrum or milk in udder

155
Q

Why would you induce at 315 days?

A

compromised mare

156
Q

What is the effect of using Prostaglandin for parturition induction?

A

Explosive birth with torn cervix

Foals broken ribs and ruptured bladder

157
Q

What is the method of choice for inducing parturition in the mare?

A

Oxytocin

158
Q

What is the method of choice for inducing parturition in a compromised mare?

A

Steroids

159
Q

Describe stage three of labor in the mare

A

Expulsion of the placenta or fetal membranes

Normal delivery within 3 hours

160
Q

How many layers of the Placenta in the mare?

A

6 layers

161
Q

What type of placenta do mares have?

A

Epitheliochorial
Diffuse
Micro-cotyledonary

162
Q

Which horn is often the horn that becomes torn in the mare?

A

The non pregnant horn

163
Q

Dystocia

A

The inability of the mare to culminate the second stage of labor

164
Q

When do you suspect Dystocia?

A

if the mare is actively straining, chorioallantois breaks and no visible progress in 10-15 minutes

165
Q

Red Bag

A

Premature Placental Separation

166
Q

What are the problems associated with Red Bag deliveries?

A

Prolonged labor
Meconium release
Foal Anoxia/Asphixia
Dummy foal

167
Q

How do you relieve Dystocia in the mare?

A 
Traction 
Fetotomy 
C-section 
Reposition 
Repulsion and reposition 
Flotation
168
Q

What are the options for C-section in the mare?

A

Flank

Ventral

169
Q

How do you minimize contractions while fixing the dystocia?

A

Injectable clenbuterol

Sedation with xylazine and butorphanol

170
Q

What are the risk factors for Septic Metritis?

A

Cleanliness of foaling area
Retained placenta
Ascending placentitis
Obstetric manipulations

171
Q

Clinical signs of Septic Metritis

A 
Fever 
depression 
tachycardia
injected mucous membranes
Positive digital pulses
Distended uterus with large amounts of fluid
172
Q

What is Septic Metritis associated with in the mare?

A

E. coli

Klebsiella pneumoniae

173
Q

Therapy for Septic Metritis

A

Systemic antibiotics
NSAIDs
Prevention of endotoxemia-laminitis complex
Uterine Lavage

174
Q

Therapy for Hemorrahge Post-Partum clinical signs

A 
Xylazine and Butorphanol 
Replenish fludis 
Aminocaproic acid 
Yunnan baiyao 
IV therapy with Formalin
175
Q

Uterine tears/rupture clinical signs

A

Depression
Anorexia
colic
fever

176
Q

Therapy for Uterine tears/rupture

A 
Surgical 
Oxytocin 
Antibiotics 
NSAIDs
Fluid therapy 
abdominal lavage
177
Q

What is contraindicated in Uterine tears/rupture therapy?

A

Uterine lavage

178
Q

Risk factors of Uterine Prolapse

A

Dystocia
Retained placenta
Persistent straining

179
Q

Therapy for Uterine Prolapse

A

Wash and assess uterus for tears
Start replacing the uterus from the most distal place
Uterine lavage
Supportive therapy

180
Q

Rectal prolapse

A

forceful straining during dystocia resulting in rectal prolapse could result in avascular rectal necrosis

181
Q

Recto vaginal fistula

A

Foal’s perforates the roof of the vagina and wall of rectum

182
Q

Treatment for Recto Vaginal fistula

A

Heal by second intention

Repair surgically if feces are still found in the vagina or vestibule

183
Q

Third degree perineal lacerations

A

tears of the ventral rectal wall and dorsal vaginal wall forming a cloaca

184
Q

How do you treat bladder atony?

A

Buthanecol

185
Q

Risk factors of Retained Fetal Membranes

A 
Abortion 
Induction of parturition 
C-section 
Dystocia
Twin pregnancy 
Placentitis
Pain 
Hydropic conditions 
Hypocalcemia 
Low Vit. E and Se
186
Q

Treatment for Retained Fetal Membranes

A 
Oxytocin 
IV calcium Borogluconate
Burns technique 
Manual removal
Antibiotics: TMS in the uterus
187
Q

Burns Technique

A

infusion of large volume of fluid in the unruptured chorio-allantoic space to stimulate endogenous oxytocin release

188
Q

When is the foal heat?

A

day 6 after parturition

ovulate on day 10

189
Q

When do you have uterine involution in the mare?

A

Day 14

190
Q

What method of collection would you use in a stallion with neurologic problems or lameness?

A

Ground collection

191
Q

What drugs are used for chemical ejaculation in the stallion?

A

Norepinephrine
Imipramine
Xylazine

192
Q

Describe the stallion semen characteristics

A 
50mL
120x10^6 sperm concentration 
5-15x10^9 total sperm 
Greater than 60% sperm motility 
Greater than 60% normal morphology
193
Q

What is a common perm abnormality in the stallion?

A

Abaxial aberration of the tail

194
Q

What is Spermatogenic epithelium in the semen of the stallion a sign of?

A

Testicular degeneration

195
Q

What does low seminal plasma ALP mean?

A

there is a blockage in the epididymis

196
Q

What does a high seminal plasma ALP mean?

A

no sperm present in the testes

197
Q

How much sperm is present in fresh semen for AI?

A

500 milllion

198
Q

How much sperm is present in cooled semen for AI?

A

1 billion

199
Q

How much sperm is present in frozen semen for AI?

A

Load 800 million to 1 billion

Minimum of 240 million after thawing

200
Q

Pyospermia

A

pus in the semen

201
Q

Hemospermia

A

blood in the semen

202
Q

Urospermia

A

Urine in the semen

203
Q

If you find pyospermia in the presperm fraction where is it coming from?

A

bulbourethral glands, urethra

204
Q

If you find pyospermia in the sperm rich fraction where is it coming from?

A

Epididymis

ampullae

205
Q

If you find pyospermia in the sperm poor fraction where is it coming from?

A

Prostate

vesicular glands

206
Q

If you find pyospermia in the gel fraction where is it coming from?

A

Vesicular glands

207
Q

What is the treatment for hemospermia?

A

Sexual rest

depends on the source of the blood

208
Q

What is a source of hematuria in geldings?

A

Tear in the mucosa of the urethra

209
Q

What is the treatment for a tear in the mucosa of the urethra in geldings?

A

Cauterize

Sexual rest

210
Q

Causes of Urospermia in the stallion

A 
Cauda equina neuritis 
EHV-1
HPP
Cystitis or urolithiasis 
Fractures
osteomyelitis 
neoplasia 
idiopathic
211
Q

Treatment for urospermia in stallions

A

Completely empty bladder before ejaculation
Furosemide to dilute any urine
Bladder lavage
Dilute raw semen immediately
Alpha-adrenergics: imipramine and Phenylpropanolamine

212
Q

Retrograde ejaculation in the stallion

A

Semen in the bladder

213
Q

When is normal testicular descent in the stallion?

A

last 30 days in utero or first 10 days after birth

214
Q

In what breed might you find Cryptorchidism?

A

QH
Percheron
ASH
ponies

215
Q

How do you diagnose Crytorchidism?

A 
Rectal exam 
US
Resting testosterone concentration 
hCG/GnRH stimulation 
Basal estrone sulfate 
Anti-mullerian hormone
216
Q

What is the cause of testicular trauma in stallions?

A

Kick by mare

217
Q

What is the treatment for testicular trauma in the stallion?

A 
NSAIDs
Ice
hydrotherapy 
sling 
hand walking
218
Q

What is the treatment for testicular rupture?

A

remove the ruptured teste to save the normal teste from damage

219
Q

What is the treatment for Infectious Orchitis?

A

Antimicrobial therapy supportive therapy

Unilateral orchiectomy

220
Q

Why should you perform a unilateral orchiectomy on infectious orchitis in the stallion?

A

To save the normal teste from heat and swelling

221
Q

What is the most common neoplasia in the stallion?

A

Teratoma

222
Q

What neoplasia is malignant in older stallions?

A

Seminoma

223
Q

What solution should you preserve testicular neoplasia in for histopathology in the stallion?

A

Bouin’s solution

224
Q

Oligozoospermia

A

small amount (low concentration) of sperm

225
Q

Asthenozoospermia

A

sperm do not move (reduce sperm motility)

226
Q

Teratospermia

A

abnormal sperm morphology

227
Q

Azoospermia

A

no sperm int he ejaculate

228
Q

What is the treatment for testicular degeneration?

A

no treatment

229
Q

What does testicular degeneration cause?

A

Oligozoospermia
Asthenozoospermia
teratospermia
azoospermia

230
Q

How do you diagnose testicular degeneration?

A

biopsy

231
Q

What cause of testicular degeneration can the testes recover from in the stallion?

A

prolonged elevated temperature

232
Q

Hydrocele (vaginocele)

A

serous fluid between visceral and parietal layers of vaginal tunic

233
Q

What is the cause of Hydrocele in the stallion?

A

Idiopathic

Extension from ascites

234
Q

What is the treatment for Hydrocele in the stallion?

A

Spontaneous resolution
move to cooler environment
Exercise

235
Q

Varicocele

A

Dilation of vessels of pampiniform plexus

236
Q

What is the cause of Varicocele in stallions?

A

Incompetent testicular vein

237
Q

What is the treatment for severe/acute testicular torsion in the stallion?

A

Surgical removal

238
Q

What are the complications of detorsing a long term spermatic cord torsion

A

reprofusion injury and breach of blood teste barrier of the good teste

239
Q

What is the treatment for penile hematoma?

A

Minimize hemorrhage
Tight bandage
prevent sexual arousal

240
Q

Paraphimosis

A

inability to retract penis

241
Q

Treatment of paraphimosis in stallions

A

Resolve cause
support penis
reduce swelling
return prepuce

242
Q

Complications of paraphimosis in stallions

A

Phallectomy

243
Q

What causes Paraphimosis in stallions?

A

Trauma
systemic disease
neurological
phenothiazine tranquilizers

244
Q

Priapism

A

Persistent erection without sexual arousal

245
Q

What cause priapism in stallions?

A

Phenothiazine tranquilizers

neurological

246
Q

Treatment of priapism in stallions?

A

Anticholinergic
Beta 2 adrenergic drugs
Phenylephrine
Surgical irrigation

247
Q

What is the most common penile neoplasia in stallions?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

248
Q

High flow priapism

A

Arterial supply affected

249
Q

Low flow priapism

A

Venous drainage affected

RUSVM Theriogenology 2017 (7 decks)

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