Essential words - Unessential 2 Flashcards

Question

Dangle | ˈdæŋgəl

Answer 1

to hang or swing loosely, or to make something do this

Answer 2

to look at something with your eyes partly closed in order to see better | Stop **squinting at** the screen – put your glasses on.

Answer 3

a short journey in order to do something for someone, for example delivering or collecting something for them | She was always **sending** me **on errands**. ## Footnote He quickly set out on his **errand of mercy**.

Answer 4

old and in bad condition | a battered old suitcase

Answer 5

someone who supports something or persuades people to do something SYN: **Advocate** | Steinem has always been a **strong proponent** of women’s rights.

Answer 6

having a pleasantly deep loud sound | a sonorous voice

Answer 7

feeling or showing a lot of interest and excitement about something | All the staff are enthusiastic about the project. ## Footnote Collocations: * greate deal of enthusiasism: She should be able to help you because she has a great deal of enthusiasm.

Answer 8

آزمایشی not definite or certain, and may be changed later SYN: **Provisional** | I passed on my **tentative conclusions** to the police.

Answer 9

not thinking about the needs and feelings of other people, especially because you are thinking about what you want OPP: **Thoughtful** | a selfish and thoughtless man

Answer 10

جعلی a spurious statement, argument etc is not based on facts or good thinking and is likely to be incorrect | * He demolished the Opposition’s spurious arguments. * spurious sympathy

Answer 11

done in a sensible and careful way SYN: **Wise** | a judicious choice

Answer 12

a book or piece of writing before it is printed | Unfortunately, parts of the **original manuscript** have been lost.

Answer 13

لفاظی language that is used to persuade or influence people, especially language that sounds impressive but is not actually sincere or useful | The speech was dismissed by some people as merely **political rhetoric**

Answer 14

to change the appearance, sound, or shape of something so that it is strange or unclear تحریف کردن | * Buildings can distort radio signals. * His face was distorted in anger

Answer 15

causing a lot of disagreement, because many people have strong opinions about the subject being discussed | a highly controversial plan to flood the valley in order to build a dam. ## Footnote Collocations: **Nouns** * a controversial issue/ topic/ subject: I tried to avoid controversial topics such as politics and religion. * a controversial decision: The court’s decision was highly controversial. * a controversial plan/ proposal/ policy: the controversial plan to build a new airport * a controversial figure (=a person who does controversial things): He is a controversial figure in politics. * controversial legislation (=controversial laws): The controversial legislation has not yet been officially approved. **Adverbs** * highly controversial: This policy is highly controversial. * politically controversial: The area of workers’ rights remains politically controversial.

Answer 16

1- to stick firmly to something 2- to continue to behave according to a particular rule, agreement, or belief | The eggs of these fish adhere to plant leaves. ## Footnote We **adhere to** the **principles** of equal rights and freedom of expression for all. I have **adhered** strictly **to** the **rules**.

Answer 17

more than enough SYN: **Sufficient** | There is ample evidence that climate patterns are changing.

Answer 18

to cover or fill a space or room with too many things, so that it looks very untidy | The walls were cluttered with paintings and prints.

Answer 19

nearly, but not completely or not quite: | The story is **almost certainly** true.

Answer 20

a room, building, piece of land etc that is adjacent to something is next to it | We stayed in adjacent rooms.

Answer 21

friendly conversation in which people make a lot of jokes with, and amusing remarks about, each other | I watched the guys as they bantered with the waitresses.

Answer 22

to keep someone or something from reaching you or affecting you for a period of time | She brought some fruit on the journey to **stave off hunger**. ## Footnote جلوگیری کردن

Answer 23

another person, especially a more famous person, who has the same name as someone | Like his famous namesake, young Washington had a brave, adventurous spir

Answer 24

to make a proposal into a law | Congress refused to enact the bill. ## Footnote نمایش دادن، بصورت قانون دراوردن، وضع کردن تصویب کردن

Answer 25

a strong pleasant smell | the aroma of fresh coffee

Answer 26

giving careful attention to what is happening, so that you will notice any danger or illegal activity | Please **remain vigilant** at all times and report anything suspicious. ## Footnote هوشیار، گوش بزنگ، مراقب

Answer 27

a group of people who travel with an important person | the president and his entourage ## Footnote محیط، همراهان، دوستان، دوروبر اطرافیان

Answer 28

the protection of natural things such as animals, plants, forests etc, to prevent them from being spoiled or destroyed SYN: **Preservation** | wildlife conservation ## Footnote Collocations: * a conservation area (=an area where animals and plants are protected): a wildlife conservation area

Answer 29

very easy to notice OPP: **Inconspicuous** | The notice must be displayed in a conspicuous place. ## Footnote ظاهر، اشکار، انگشت نما، پدیدار، توی چشم خور

Answer 30

to talk or think about pleasant events in your past | a group of former students **reminiscing about** their college days ## Footnote یاد گذشته‌ ها کردن

Answer 31

ناامید extremely unhappy and without hope | Gill had been out of work for a year and was getting very despondent.

Answer 32

to introduce a product to the public for the first time➔ release | Ralph Lauren debuted his autumn collection in Paris last week.

Answer 33

## Footnote Collocations: **Verbs** * a volcano erupts (=it sends smoke, fire, and rock into the sky)The volcano last erupted 50 years ago. **Adjectives** * active (=it may erupt at any time): Mount Etna is still an active volcano. * dormant (=it has not erupted for a long time): Volcanoes can remain dormant for hundreds of years. * extinct (=it does not erupt any more): The lake is at the foot of an extinct volcano.

Answer 34

the study of ancient societies by examining what remains of their buildings

Answer 35

to look at or show interest in something or someone in a way that shows you like or want them very much – used to show disapproval | The media are **salivating over** the story. آماده شدن فرد منتظر بمنظور گاییدن دیگری Mnemonic: سلیطه

Answer 36

1- to seem to involve something bad or to have some of a bad quality 2- a pleasant taste or smell | We must avoid anything that savours of corruption. ## Footnote Life seemed to have **lost its savour** for him.

Answer 37

strange | Organic farming is no longer thought of as cranky.

Answer 38

a small hotel or pub, especially an old one in the countryside

Answer 39

behaving too confidently and speaking too loudly – used to show disapproval | brash journalists

Answer 40

important | a prominent Russian scientist

Answer 41

the events that happen during a period of time, which often lead to a particular aim or result: ## Footnote The decision was certain to affect the trajectory of French politics for some time to come.

Answer 42

not exciting, impressive etc SYN: **Dull** | a lacklustre performance عملکرد ضعیف

Answer 43

hard reddish-brown baked clay | a terracotta pot Mnemonic: "Traditional Earthenware, Reddish, Really Attractive, Crafted Of Tough, Tangible Artistry". This sentence captures the essence of terracotta, its color, and its use in creating art.

Answer 44

1- to produce a result, answer, or piece of information 2- Yield to something: if one thing yields to another, it is replaced by that thing SYN: **Give way to something** resulted in, produced حاصل - تولید شده | Laughter quickly yielded to amazement as the show went on. ## Footnote Our research has only recently begun to **yield** important **results**.

Answer 45

very dirty | The house was filthy, with clothes and newspapers strewn everywhere.

Answer 46

a public entertainment or performance to celebrate a special occasion | the Society’s Gala Dinner

Answer 47

وحشت‌آور very unpleasant or shocking, and involving someone being killed or badly injured | Police described it as a particularly gruesome attack.

Answer 48

to deliberately hurt someone in order to force them to give you information, to punish them, or to be cruel | Political opponents of the regime may be tortured.

Answer 49

someone who is being kept in a prison

Answer 50

خشن sounding unpleasantly loud | He burst into **raucous laughter**.

Answer 51

moving slowly and calmly | We continued our walk **at a sedate pace**.

Answer 52

a style of fashion and music popular with young people in the 1990s, involving loud electric music and dirty clothes, hair etc | grunge rock

Answer 53

not existing any more, or not useful any more | the **now-defunct** nuclear reactor

Answer 54

objects made out of baked clay | Native Iranian pottery

Answer 55

to push something somewhere roughly | He thrust me roughly towards the door. ## Footnote **thrust** something ↔ **aside** phrasal verb to refuse to think about something: Our complaints were thrust aside and ignored. **thrust** something **upon/ on** somebody phrasal verb if something is thrust upon you, you are forced to accept it even if you do not want it: She never enjoyed the fame that was **thrust upon** her. He **had** marriage **thrust upon** him.

Answer 56

a long and difficult journey, made especially on foot as an adventure SYN: **Hike** | a lonely trek through the forest

Answer 57

a chronic disease or illness is one that continues for a long time and cannot be cured | chronic asthma

Answer 58

the side part of a car that covers the wheels SYN: **Wing**

Answer 59

if you dent something, or if it dents, you hit or press it so that its surface is bent inwards | No one was injured, but the car was scratched and dented.

Answer 60

a house that is all on ground level

Answer 61

to make a written agreement official by signing it | We hope that the republics will be willing to ratify the treaty.

Answer 62

1- slightly fat in a fairly pleasant way – used especially about women or children, often to avoid saying the word ‘fat’ 2- to gently hit cushions or pillows in order to make them rounder and softer | The nurse was a cheerful plump woman.

Answer 63

to spend time thinking carefully and seriously about a problem, a difficult question, or something that has happened SYN: **Consider** | He continued to ponder the problem as he walked home.

Answer 64

if a boat capsizes, or if you capsize it, it turns over in the water

Answer 65

1- someone who supports the activities of an organization, for example by giving money 2- someone who uses a particular shop, restaurant, or hotel | * a wealthy patron * facilities for disabled patrons

Answer 66

disappointed, so that you lose hope and the determination to continue doing something | If young children don’t see quick results they grow disheartened.

Answer 67

to move in small waves, or to make something move in this way | * Enthusiastic applause rippled around the tables. ## Footnote * fields of grain rippling in the soft wind

Answer 68

something that is edible can be eaten OPP: **Inedible** | These berries are edible, but those are poisonous.

Answer 69

a business that supplies goods, services, or information | purveyors of farmyard fresh poultry

Answer 70

to try to deceive or harm weaker people | * religious cults that specialize in preying on young people ## Footnote * The accident has been preying on my mind all week.

Answer 71

to prevent something unpleasant from happening ## Footnote The tragedy could have been averted if the crew had followed safety procedures.

Answer 72

if a smell, smoke, or a light wind wafts somewhere, or if something wafts it somewhere, it moves gently through the air | Cooking smells wafted up from downstairs.

Answer 73

the stage of physical development during which you change from a child to an adult and are able to have children | Fourteen is a fairly normal age for a girl to **reach puberty**.

Answer 74

to complain or say that you are disappointed about something | He was **bemoaning the fact that** lawyers charge so much.

Answer 75

a building where animals such as cows or pigs are killed for their meat SYN: Abattoir (ˈæbətwɑːr)

Answer 76

something done to make a bad situation seem better, but which does not solve the problem | short-term economic palliatives

Answer 77

to treat a dead body with chemicals, oils etc to prevent it from decaying

Answer 78

1- behaviour that is honourable, kind, generous, and brave, especially men’s behaviour towards women 2- a system of religious beliefs and honourable behaviour that knights in the Middle Ages were expected to follow

Answer 79

the main part of a plane, in which people sit or goods are carried

Answer 80

hoping to be successful in a particular job, activity, or way of life | the aspiring middle classes

Answer 81

to help someone to get from one place to another, especially by showing them the way | He ushered her into the room.

Answer 82

to move in a quiet, careful way, especially to avoid attracting attention | Johann would creep into the gallery to listen to the singers.

Answer 83

the large window at the front of a car, bus etc SYN: **Windshield**

Answer 84

fitted into a part of a wall that is further back than the rest of the wall | a recessed bookshelf

Answer 85

things that are simultaneous happen at exactly the same time | They grabbed each other’s hands in simultaneous panic.

Answer 86

1- if a cat purrs, it makes a soft low sound in its throat to show that it is pleased 2- if the engine of a vehicle or machine purrs, it works perfectly and makes a quiet smooth sound | The big Bentley purred along the road.

Answer 87

extreme anger | He was scared of **incurring** his father’s **wrath**.

Answer 88

1- to go around searching for food or other supplies 2- to search for something with your hands in a bag, drawer etc SYN: **Ferret around** ## Footnote People are being forced to forage for food and fuel. She **foraged around** in her purse and produced her ticket.

Answer 89

a square open area with buildings all around it, especially at a school or college SYN: **quad**

Answer 90

when something is kept in its original state or in good condition➔ preserve | Eliot campaigned for the preservation of London’s churches. ## Footnote The arena is in an exceptionally fine **state of preservation**.

Answer 91

someone who plans and organizes a complicated operation, especially a criminal operation | He is suspected of being the mastermind behind the bombings.

Answer 92

water that covers an area during a flood

Answer 93

to plan or invent a new way of doing something | She **devised a method** for quicker communications between offices. ## Footnote Collocations: * devise a method/ wayOur aim is to devise a way to improve quality and reduce costs. * devise a means (=think of a way): We must devise a means of transport that does not pollute the atmosphere. * devise a system: How do you devise a system of testing students that is completely fair? * devise a plan/ scheme: Together they devised a clever plan to escape. * devise a strategy: The region is keen to devise a strategy to develop tourism. * devise a solution: Representatives met to discuss the crisis and devise solutions. * devise a programme: Your trainer will devise an exercise programme for you to follow. * devise an experiment/ test: He devised a series of experiments to test his theory.

Answer 94

a particular type of land | rocky terrain

Answer 95

strange and unusual | outlandish clothes

Answer 96

publicly praised by a lot of people | His work was **critically acclaimed**. تحسین شده

Answer 97

to be a sign of something that is going to come or happen soon | A flash of lightning heralded torrential rain.

Answer 98

when you repair something such as an old building or a piece of furniture, so that it looks the same as when it was first built or made | Major **restoration work** will begin in May.

Answer 99

extremely happy and excited, especially because of something that has happened or is going to happen OPP: **Depressed** | He **felt elated** and mildly drunk.

Answer 100

a unit for measuring area, equal to 4,840 square yards or 4,047 square metres | They own 200 acres of farmland.

Answer 101

to continue doing an activity or trying to achieve something over a long period of time | She plans to **pursue** a **career** in politics. ## Footnote a campaign promise to **pursue policies** that will help the poor

Answer 102

to behave towards someone or something in a particular way ## Footnote Children treated respectfully tend to grow up to be respectful.

Answer 103

a red jewel

Answer 104

a large farm building for storing crops, or for keeping animals in

Answer 105

a black substance made of burned wood that can be used as fuel | cooking over a charcoal fire

Answer 106

if you retract something that you said or agreed, you say that you did not mean it SYN: **Withdraw** | He confessed to the murder but later retracted his statement. ## Footnote تکذیب کردن ، تو زدن

Answer 107

to say that you are not responsible for something, that you do not know about it, or that you are not involved with it

Answer 108

a mellifluous voice or piece of music sounds pleasantly smooth | the voice was mellifluous and smooth

Answer 109

someone’s performance of a play, piece of music etc | He gave a moving rendition of Lennon’s ‘Imagine’.

Answer 110

very hungry | I was ravenously hungry.

Answer 111

a desire for food | Her husband always had a huge appetite. ## Footnote Collocations: * sexual appetite * insatiable appetite * loss/ lack of appetite Symptoms include fever and loss of appetite.| I’m a bit worried about her lack of appetite.

Answer 112

to satisfy a desire or need for something such as food or sex, especially so that you feel you have had too much ## Footnote satiate with power, of fame and wealth possess'd

Answer 113

if someone’s face is aglow, they seem happy and excited | Linda’s face was aglow with happiness.

Answer 114

all the people who regularly use a shop, restaurant etc | The restaurant attracts a young clientele.

Answer 115

a small bush with several woody stems

Answer 116

the qualities that make someone live the way they do, and make them different from other people | I’m 85, but I still feel young **in spirit**.

Answer 117

short, with no unnecessary words SYN: **Brief** | Your summary should be as **clear and concise** as possible.

Answer 118

if something bad or unpleasant is rife, it is very common | Violent crime is rife in our inner cities

Answer 119

feelings of anger between people who disagree strongly and do not like each other | a quagmire of lawsuits, acrimony, and finger-pointing

Answer 120

one of two beds that are attached together, one on top of the other

Answer 121

a bustling place is very busy | The flower market was bustling with shoppers.

Answer 122

a very large house | a beautiful country mansion

Answer 123

1- to break apart into lots of little pieces, or make something do this 2- to lose power, become weak, or fail | The fall leaves crumbled in my fingers.

Answer 124

to gradually become less and less or smaller and smaller | His money had **dwindled away**.

Answer 125

to or in a foreign country that is across the sea➔ abroad | Chris is going to work overseas.

Answer 126

causing a lot of argument and disagreement between people SYN: **Controvertial** | Animal welfare did not become a contentious issue until the late 1970s.

Answer 127

a room or weather that is stifling is very hot and uncomfortable, so that it seems difficult to breathe | the **stifling heat** of the tropics

Answer 128

a state of great anxiety or excitement, in which you cannot control your behaviour | Doreen had **worked** herself **into a frenzy**.

Answer 129

someone who is hurt or killed in an accident or war | **civilian casualties**

Answer 130

better, bigger, worse etc than all other things or people of the same kind | The Rolling Stones are the ultimate rock and roll band.

Answer 131

همذات پنداری to feel sympathy with someone or be able to share their feelings | Humans can easily identify with the emotional expressions of chimpanzees

Answer 132

in ancient Greek stories, the son of King Laius and Queen Jocasta of thebes. When he was a baby Oedipus was left to die on a mountain by his father, but he was found and taken to live with the King of Corinth, so he did not know who his real parents were. When he became an adult, Oedipus returned to Thebes and, without knowing who they were, killed his father and married his mother. His story is told in the play Oedipus Rex by sophocles.

Answer 133

someone, especially a young person, who is taught and helped by someone who has influence, power, or more experience | She attempted to encourage her young protégé.

Answer 134

the ability to become strong, happy, or successful again after a difficult situation or event➔ toughness | People **showed** remarkable **resilience** during the war.

Answer 135

to make someone feel worried, disappointed, and upset | The poor election turnout dismayed politicians.

Answer 136

cruel and unnecessary killing | the butchery of battle

Answer 137

if an animal grazes, or if you graze it, it eats grass that is growing | fields where they used to graze their sheep

Answer 138

soup with meat, rice, or vegetables | chicken broth

Answer 139

to describe something or someone in writing or speech, or to show them in a painting, picture etc | a book depicting life in pre-revolutionary Russia

Answer 140

one of the people who live in a particular place | a city of six million inhabitants

Answer 141

a genuine feeling, desire etc is one that you really feel, not one you pretend to feel SYN: **Sincere** | * a genuine fear of invasion ## Footnote * ‘Did he really?’ Her surprise seemed genuine.

Answer 142

1- fair or reasonable 2- acceptable or allowed by law | * Opponents have questioned the legitimacy of the ruling. ## Footnote * That’s a **perfectly legitimate** question.

Answer 143

as a result of something | Interest rates were cut and, in turn, share prices rose.

Answer 144

to be what someone is thinking about most, because it is very important to them | Fear of unemployment was at the forefront of everyone’s minds.

Answer 145

relating to money, especially all the money in a particular country | the government’s tight monetary policy

Answer 146

something that strongly influences what you do or how you behave | Social class is a major determinant of consumer spending patterns.

Answer 147

if a decision rests with someone, they are responsible for it | The final decision rests with the President.

Answer 148

a product that is bought and sold | Time is a precious commodity.

Answer 149

the act of becoming involved in an argument, fight, or other difficult situation in order to change what happens | government intervention to regulate prices

Answer 150

عذاب آور very unpleasant to experience, especially because of involving a difficult choice or a long wait | an agonizing decision

Answer 151

someone who has been trained to give a particular form of treatment for physical or mental illness

Answer 152

to stop someone from doing something, by making them realize it will be difficult or have bad results | The security camera was installed to deter people from stealing.

Answer 153

something that makes someone less likely to do something, by making them realize it will be difficult or have bad results ## Footnote The small fines for this type of crime do not **act as** much of **a deterrent**.

Answer 154

to make someone suffer something unpleasant | The strikes **inflicted** serious damage **on** the economy.

Answer 155

illegal or immoral behaviour

Answer 156

unlucky | The hapless passengers were stranded at the airport for three days.

Answer 157

مخرب very harmful or evil, often in a way that you do not notice easily | the pernicious effects of poverty

Answer 158

two or more things that are inextricable are closely related and affect each other | the inextricable connection between language and culture

Answer 159

if two situations, ideas etc are intertwined, they are closely related to each other | The problems of crime and unemployment are closely intertwined.

Answer 160

only with great difficulty or effort SYN: **Only just** | She was very old and **barely able** to walk.

Answer 161

something that is very ugly, especially a building surrounded by other things that are not ugly | The factory is an eyesore.

Answer 162

1- very expensive, especially wasting a lot of money 2- something that is costly causes a lot of problems or trouble | * Such a database would be extremely costly to set up. ## Footnote * His delay in making a decision could **prove costly** in the long run.

Answer 163

Long distance flights

Answer 164

Luxuriant equatorial forests

Answer 165

A place that is not on the main thoroughfare

Answer 166

the main road through a place such as a city or village | The motel was off the **main thoroughfare**.

Answer 167

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Essential words - Unessential 2 Flashcards

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