Europe quiz Flashcards
(131 cards)
1
Q
By about the 12th century, which Italian city states were important and why?
A
Florence, Bologna, Genoa, Milan, and Venice. They dominated their own districts and the surrounding areas.
2
Q
Who brought S. Italy into the orbit of the Roman Catholic church, how, and who’s support did they have?
A
Normans. They overcame Byzantine and Muslim authorities. They had the support of the pope.
3
Q
What two southern Italian states did the Normans intervene in, when, and how.
A
In 999, they helped the people of Salerno fight off Muslim raiders. From 1017-1018 they helped Bari in its struggle for independence from the Byzantines.
4
Q
How did Christians take most of the Iberian Peninsula back from the Muslims?
A
Christian adventurers from small norther states attacked the Muslims and were joined by the Normans.
5
Q
What were the Normans who traveled to Spain to join Christian armies in the fight against Muslims called?
A
Soldiers of fortune.
6
Q
By the late 13th century, which Christian kingdoms controlled most of the Iberian Peninsula? Which kingdom was still Muslim?
A
Castile, Aragon, and Portugal. Granada stayed in Muslim hands.
7
Q
Why is Medieval Europe chaotic and confusing, especially when compared to a land like China?
A
There was the Byzantine empire, Holy Roman empire, monarchies, city-states, and principalities all vying for power. Furthermore, one wanted to maintain the status quo, they all sought conquest.
8
Q
Despite the Chaos of Medieval Europe, were public affairs in limited regions still tended to effectivly?
A
yes
9
Q
What happened as regional states provided increasingly effective political organization?
A
Mediaeval Europe grew economically and socially. There was a huge economic revival, and increased agriculture, urbanization, manufacturing, and trade, which made it powerful.
10
Q
Why did agricultural production increase?
A
The expansion of arable land improved agricultural techniques, new tools and technologies, new crops, and population growth.
11
Q
Why did Lords first oppose, and later support, the expansion of arable land?
A
They opposed it because it reduced the land available for hunting, which lords enjoyed. Later, they supported it because they realized that expanding agricultural production would yield higher taxes.
12
Q
What were some of the improved agriculture techniques used?
A
Different crop rotations, growing beans, keeping more domestic animals and ponds for fish.
13
Q
What were some new tools and technologies which contributed to more agricultural production?
A
Water mills and heavy plows. Horseshoes, which protected hooves and horse collars, which placed the burden of a heavy load on the horse’s chest, rather than neck.
14
Q
What did Horseshoes and Horse collars mean for farming?
A
Europeans could use horses to plow rather than oxen, which were slower. This brought more land under the plow.
15
Q
What did the European diet consist of before 1000?
A
Almost entirely of grain and grain products like gruel and bread.
16
Q
What foods became much more prominent in the European diet from 1000-1300?
A
Meat, dairy products, fish, vegetables, and legumes like beans and peas.
17
Q
What sorts of foods became more prominent in the Mediterranean 1000-1300?
A
Hard durum wheat, rice, spinach, artichokes, eggplant, lemons, limes, oranges, and melons.
18
Q
European population 800
A
29 million
19
Q
European population 1000
A
36 million
20
Q
European population 1100
A
44 million
21
Q
European population 1300
A
79 million
22
Q
What event reduced populations and disrupted economies in Europe and Asia and N. Africa?
A
Epidemic plague
23
Q
What events contributed to the revival of towns and trade?
A
Urbanization, textile production, Mediterranean Trade, The Hanseatic league, and Improved business techniques
24
Q
What sort of people lived in cities in Europe?
A
Artisans, crafts workers, merchants, and professionals.
25
What cities founded during Roman times became thriving centers of government and business?
Paris, London, Toledo.
26
What regions experienced a lot of urbanization?
Venice, Bergen
N. Italy, Flanders
27
What was one thing that manufacturing concentrated a lot on?
The production of wool textiles
28
Where were the cities that were centers of Textile production?
The cities were in Italy and Flanders
29
What did the counts of Champagne in N. France sponsor.
Year-round fairs that served as vast marketplaces.
30
Where was the revival of urban society most pronounced? Why?
Italy. It was geographically well situated to participate in the trade networks of the Mediterranean basin.
31
What did the Cities of Amalfi and Venice do in the 10th century?
They served as ports for merchants engaged in trade with Byzantine and Muslim partners in the E. Mediterranean.
32
What Italian cities were added to the expanding commercial networks of the Mediterranean in the 11th century.
Genoa, Pisa, Naples.
33
What did Italian merchants give and get?
They exchanged salt, olive oil, wine, wool fabrics, leather products, and glass for gems, spices, and silk.
34
What places were the Merchants that dealt with the Italians from?
India, SE. Asia, and China.
35
What did Italian merchants do as trade expanded?
They established colonies in the major ports and commercial centers of the Mediterranean and Black Sea.
36
Where did Venetian and Genoese merchants maintain large communities?
Constantinople, Alexandria, Cairo, Damascus, and the black sea ports of Tana, Caffa, and Trebizond.
37
What was the first destination of Nilolo and Maffeo Polo?
Caffa.
38
What was the Hanseatic League, or Hansa?
A trade network in the Baltic and north Seas. It was made of an association trading cities from Novgorod to London.
39
What trade did the Hansa dominate?
Trade in grain, fish, furs, timber, and pitch.
40
What linked the Hansa with the Mediterranean trade network?
The fairs of Champagne, the Rhine, the Danube, and other European rivers.
41
What improved business techniques did an increasing volume of trade encourage?
Credit, banking, and new forms of business organization.
42
How did Merchants spread the risks of commercial investments?
They entered into partnerships, and limited liability to the extent of each person's individual investment.
43
What were the three estates/classes
Those who pray, those who fight, and those who work
44
What were the better estates to be in? Why?
It was better to be a member of the clergy or a Lord, because they enjoyed rights and honors denied to those who worked.
45
What did an emphasis on Chivalry bring to the nobles? What did this encourage among warriors?
Expectations of high ethical standards and refined manners that encouraged warriors to become cultivated leaders of society.
46
Chivalry definition
An informal but widely recognized code of ethics and behavior considered appropriate for nobles.
47
Why was Chivalry promoted by Church officials at first?
It was promoted in an effort to curb fighting within Christendom.
48
What was the ritual by which a young man became a knight like? What did the ritual being this way lead to?
The man would place his sword on a church altar and pledge his service to God. Therefore, rather than seeking power and money, he was devoted to order, piety, and Christianity.
49
Who made sure the Chivalric code was spread?
Aristocratic women.
50
What spin did Aristocratic women put on the code of Chivalry?
Instead of emphasizing its religious dimensions, they promoted refined behavior, and tender, respectful relations between the sexes.
51
Who were the troubadours, and who patronized them?
They were a class of traveling poets, minstrels and entertainers patronized by aristocratic women.
52
Where were troubadours most active?
S. France and N. Italy
53
Where did troubadours draw inspiration?
A long tradition of love poetry produced in Muslim Spain.
54
Who was Elenor of Aquatine?
The most celebrated woman of her day. She was the wife of two powerful kings and the mother of three more.
55
How did Elanor of Aquatine use her influence?
She used it to encourage the cultivation of good manners, refinement, and romantic love.
56
What sort of workers were there in the 12th century?
Merchants, artisans, crafts workers, and professionals like physicians and lawyers.
57
How did towns and cities fit into the medieval political order?
They fit in awkwardly
58
What level of self-determination did towns and cities have, and first then later?
At first, lords were able to dominate small towns and tax their wealth. As towns grew larger, they were able to resist the demands of nobles and guide their own affairs.
59
What were inhabitants of prosperous towns demanding from their lords by the late 11th century?
Charters of incorporation that led to exemption from political regulation, allowed them to manage their own affairs, and abolished taxes and tolls in the urban districts.
59
Who was in Guilds and what did Guilds do?
Merchants and workers in all the arts, crafts, and trades organized guilds. These guilds regulated the production and sale of goods within their jurisdiction.
60
Who controlled much of the urban economy of medieval Europe.
Guilds
61
What sort of precedents did guilds set?
They established standards for manufactured goods, required members to adopt specific techniques of production, and set prices that members had to sell their products at.
62
How did guilds bond with and support each other?
They socialized, and had meetings and parties. They also provided financial and moral support for those who fell ill and arranged funeral services.
63
What sorts of tasks did women who lived in the countryside perform?
Household chores, weaving, and the care of domestic animals.
64
What was life like for women in medieval towns?
It was hard for them to get public authority, but in larger towns and cities they worked alongside men in some crafts like candle making, baking, and gemsmithing.
65
What occupation did women dominate?
Textiles, decorative arts like sewing, spinning, and weaving, and the making of hats, wigs, and furs.
66
Did most guilds admit women?
Yes
67
How many guilds were there in 13th century Paris? How many of them allowed women? How many allowed only women?
100 total. 80 allowed women. 6 allowed only women.
68
In what areas did Christianity guide European thought?
Religious, moral, and ethical matters.
69
What rituals did members of the Eastern Orthodox and Roman catholic church administer.
Rituals associated with birth, marriage, and death.
70
Where did the inspiration for most of the art, literature, and music of the high middle ages come from?
Christian doctrines and stories
71
What 2 structures dominated the landscape of medieval Europe in terms of a religious presence?
Churches and cathedrals
72
During the early middle ages, were European society stable and wealthy enough to support institutions of advanced education?
No they were not, there were monasteries that provided rudimentary education
73
Where did early medieval scholars draw their inspiration from for studies?
The Bible and from important spokesmen of the early Christian church. Ex: St. Augustine of Hippo
74
What increased during the high middle ages?
Economic development sharply increased, more advanced educated people, and educational institutions
75
Who ran/organized cathedral schools during the early eleventh century?
The bishops and archbishops in France and northern Italy
76
What were cathedral schools?
Schools that had established their formal curricula based on writings in Latin.
77
What did cathedral schools have to offer in terms of education?
They taught liberal arts, literature, philosophy, the Bible, and the writings of the church fathers. Ex: St. Augustine
78
How were academic guilds invented?
Teachers and students persuaded political authorities to grant charters guaranteeing their rights to organize these guilds.
79
What did student guilds demand?
Fair treatment for students from townspeople, who were charged excessive rates for room and board.
79
For what purpose were faculty guilds created?
To grant teachers the right to bestow academic degrees, which served as licenses to teach in other cities and control the material being taught.
80
How did the works of Aristotle spread to Western European scholars?
Spread because of the increase in commerce and communication between the Byzantine Orthodox and Roman Catholic Christians.
81
What was St. Thomas Aquinas' view on Christianity?
He believed that it was possible to prove rationally that God exists.
81
Who is St. Thomas Aquinas
The most famous of the scholastic theologians (1225-1274). He believed that Aristotle had understood and explained the workings of the world better than any other thinker of any era.
81
What is scholastic theology?
The interpretation of beliefs, reason and faith.
81
What are sacraments?
Holy rituals that bring spiritual blessings to the observants.
82
What is the Eucharist?
It is a ritual in which priests offer a ritual meal commemorating Jesus' last meal with his disciples before his trial and execution by Roman authorities.
82
How many sacraments did the church recognize?
Seven. Examples are baptism, matrimony, penance, the Eucharist, conformation, etc.
83
What was the purpose of the sacraments?
They were believed to protect individuals from sudden death and advance their worldly interests.
84
What are saints?
Human beings that led exemplary lives that God held them in special esteem.
85
Who was the most popular saint during the High Middle Ages?
The Virgin Mary, the mother of Jesus.
85
Why did medieval Europeans pray to saints?
To look after their spiritual interests and to ensure their admission to heaven.
86
What cathedral is dedicated to the Virgin Mary located in Paris?
Notre Dame
86
What was the Virgin Mary a personification of?
She was the personification of the Christian ideal of womanhood, love, and sympathy.
87
What are relics of saints?
Physical remains of the saints which were believed to hold powers associated with the holy individuals.
88
Which two European cities did pilgrims visit for their pilgrimage and why?
Rome in Italy and Compostela in Spain. Rome was the spiritual center of Western Christian society. Compostela stood on the periphery of Christian society, but it held many relics of St. James, making it a popular attraction.
89
What came to be because of the emergence of pilgrims?
A travel industry that served the needs of pilgrims, they also created guidebooks to help them.
89
How are the Benedictine monasteries relevant to this chapter?
It was a place where monks originally observed the virtues of poverty, chastity, and obedience, but became comfortable retreats for wealthy/privileged people who wanted to live leisurely lives.
90
While European society was becoming increasingly materialistic, who ran the central administration and church affairs?
Lawyers and bureaucrats who sought to swell the treasury.
90
Which two major individuals organized movements to support spiritual over materialistic values between 1170-1226?
St. Dominic and St. Francis.
91
What did St. Dominic and St. Francis do to push their movement?
They founded orders of mendicants (beggars), who had no personal possessions and would have to beg for their food and other stuff from people they preached to.
92
Who are the Dominicans and the Franciscans?
They were people who worked hard to combat unorthodox movements and to persuade heretics to return the the Roman Catholic Church.
93
A heretic group relevant to this chapter.
The Waldensians.
94
Why are the Waldensians relevant?
They were people who were declared heretics after criticizing the Roman Catholic church to be immoral and corrupt and they criticized the church on the basis of biblical teachings. They advocated modest and simple lives.
95
Who are the Bogomils?
People from Bulgaria and Byzantium who viewed the world as a site of unrelenting struggle between the forces of good and evil. The adopted an ascetic lifestyle.
96
Who are the Cathars?
People who promoted similar views to the Bogomils (People from Bulgaria and Byzantium who viewed the world as a site of unrelenting, cosmic struggle between the forces of good and evil. The adopted an ascetic lifestyle.)
97
What did the Bogomils and Cathars reject?
They rejected official churches because they considered them corrupt along with their priests and sacraments.
98
What happened to the Bogomils and Cathars between the beginning of the late eleventh century and the fourteenth century?
They were regarded as threats to cultural stability and were teamed up on by government and church officials who mounted ruthless campaigns to destroy them. By the fourteenth century, they only survived in a few remote regions in Europe.
99
What was the Hanse of Cologne and what did privileges did they gain in London? (1157-1194)
They obtained special favors in London, including royal protection of their house and equal privileges with the French in selling wine. King Richard I also gave them freedom from certain tolls throughout England.
100
The Grants of King Henry II to the Hanse of Cologne. (1157)
Commanded his people to protect the citizens of Cologne and make sure they are treated extremely well.
Allowed the men of Cologne to sell their wine at the market where French wine was sold. He forbid anyone from disturbing the business.
101
The Grant of King Richard I to the Hanse of Cologne. (1194)
Made it so the Hanse of Cologne did not have to pay certain tolls throughout England.
102
Constantinople
Capital of the Byzantine empire. City with a lot of strategic value. Cradle of orthodox christian civilization.
103
Justinian & Theodor
Emperor and empress of the Byzantine empire. Both come from humble beginnings.
104
Hagia Sofia
Huge and important Church during the Byzantine empire. Currently a mosque.
105
Corpus iuris civilis (Body of the Civil law)
Law code codified by Justinian.
106
Theme system
Administrative divisions of the byzantine empire.
107
Charlemagne
Frank who led the Carolingian empire and was made an emperor by the pope.
108
Magyars
Expert horsemen who settled in Hungary.
109
Vikings
Raiders from Scandinavia who conducted raids all over Europe.
110
Patriarchs (as connected to caesaropapism) and why was their power reduced
Highest ranking Bishops in the Eastern orthodox church. Had less power because Political leaders were given religious power.
111
Monasticism & Asceticism
Christian religious practices where people have no possessions and renounce worldly pleasures. Monks also live secluded lives.
112
Schism
The split between the Catholic and Protestant churches
113
Holy Roman Empire
Large empire in medieval europe centered near modern germany.
114
Frederick Barbarossa
A holy roman emperor, united many german states and engaged in the second crusade.
115
Normans
People from France who gained power in England.
116
Scandinavia (modern-day countries & Christianity)
The modern day countries of Denmark, Norway, Iceland, Sweden, and Finland all eventually adopted Christianity.
117
Baltic Lands & Christianity
Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia. Christianity spread there.
118
Reconquista
When Christians took Spain from the Muslims.
119
Crusades
Military campaigns designed to take Palestine back from the Muslims.
120
Saladin
Muslim warrior who fought the Crusaders.
121
