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WCS Study Cards > Evidence-Based Practice > Flashcards

Evidence-Based Practice Flashcards

1
Q

Independent Variable

A

activity or factor believed to bring about change in dependent variable

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2
Q

Dependent Variable

A

change or difference resulting from intervention; outcome

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3
Q

Null hypothesis

A

no relationship exists between variables

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4
Q

Data types: Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio

A

Nominal: categories based on characteristics (male/female)
Ordinal: ranked categories (GPA, MMT)
Interval: classified based on scale w/o true zero
Ratio: classifies based on equal interval true zero

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5
Q

Effect size

A

the size of differences between sample means

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6
Q

generalizability

A

degree at which the study’s findings based on a sample apply to the entire population

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7
Q

internal validity

A

the degree to which the observed differences on the dependent variable are a result of manipulation of the independent variable

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8
Q

external validity

A

the degree to which the results are generalizable to individuals outside the study

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9
Q

face validity

A

the assumption of validity based on the appearance of an instrument as a reasonable measure.

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10
Q

content validity

A

the degree to which an instrument measures an intended content area

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11
Q

concurrent validity

A

teh degree to which the scores on one test are related to the scores on another test

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12
Q

predictive validity

A

the degree to which a test is able to predict future performance

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13
Q

construct validity

A

the degree a test measures intended hypothesis

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14
Q

hawthorne effect

A

the subject’s knowledge of participation in an experiment influences the results

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15
Q

interrater reliability

A

the degree 2 or more raters can get same rating

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16
Q

intrarater reliability

A

one rater, multiple ratings

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17
Q

test-retest reliability

A

test is stable over time

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18
Q

split-half reliability

A

one half of test compared to the other for internal consistency.

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19
Q

sensitivity

A

test’s ability to correctly identify people with condition

20
Q

specificity

A

tests ability to correctly identify people without condition

21
Q

predictive value

A

tests ability to estimate likelihood person will test (+) for condition

22
Q

Cohort Study

A

prospective study of participants with condition compared with matches group without condition

23
Q

case-control study

A

retrospective study of individuals with similar condition

24
Q

Range

A

difference between highest score and lowest score

25
Q

Standard Deviation

A

Determination of variability of scores from mean

26
Q

Normal distribution

A

bell curve, mean/median/mode close to same; 68% between 1 and -1 SD

27
Q

Inferential Statistics- purpose

A

to determine how likely the results of a study of a sample can be generalized to a population

28
Q

Alpha level

A

preselected level of significance- probability level; measured in P

29
Q

Standard error

A

expected chance of variation among the means from sampling error

30
Q

type 1 error

A

null hypothesis is rejected by the researcher when it is true

31
Q

type 2 error

A

null hypothesis is not rejected when it is false

32
Q

Parametric statistics- defined

A

testing is based on population parameters; includes tests of significance based on interval/ratio data; Must be:

1) Normal distribution
2) random sampling
3) equal variance in groups

33
Q

T-test for independent samples

A

Parametric test to compare 2 independent groups by random assignment (i.e. test whether hand splint improves pain in RA pts

34
Q

T-test for paired samples

A

compares the difference between matches samples; can be one-tailed (directional hypothesis (i.e. does the intervention improve outcomes?) or two-tailed based on non-directional hypothesis (i.e. either group could have better outcomes) ** T-test can only compare 2 groups

35
Q

ANOVA

A

Analysis of Variance: parametric to compare 3 or more independent tx; Simple: 3 tests of posttest scoares are compared from 3 categories; OR Factorial ANOVA: compares multiple groups on 2 or more independent variables

36
Q

ANCOVA

A

Analysis of covariance: parametric comparing 2 or more treatmetn groups while controlling for effects of other variables

37
Q

Nonparametric Statistics- defined

A

testing not based on population parameters; includes tests on nominal or ordinal data; Used when:
1) Can’t meet parametric assumptions

38
Q

Chi square test

A

Nonparametric test to compare data in the form of frequency counts in 2 or more mutually exclusive categories (rate tx performance)

39
Q

Correlational Statistics

A

determine the relative strength of a relationship between variables

40
Q

Pearson product-moment coefficient(r)

A

used to correllate continuous data with underlying normal distribution on interval/ratio scales

41
Q

Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (r)

A

nonparametric test used to correlate ordinal data (verbal vs. reading comprehension scores)

42
Q

Point biserial correlation

A

one variable is dichotomous (nominal) and the other is ratio or interval (relationship between elbow flexor spasticity and side of stroke)

43
Q

Rank biserial correlation

A

one variable is dichotomous (nominal) and the other is ordinal (relationship between gender and functional ability)

44
Q

Intraclass Correlation coefficient (ICC):

A

reliability coefficient based on analysis of variance

45
Q

Common variance

A

representation of the degree that variation in one variable is attributable to another variable

46
Q

Linear regression

A

used to establish the relationship between two variables as a basis for prediction

WCS Study Cards (4 decks)

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