What is the inability to conceive within 12 moths of attempting to get pregnant?
Infertility
What is women who have had 2-3 pregnancy losses or who ovulate infrequently or men who have sperm abnormalities?
Subfertility
In the preconceptual period what is important for the brain an nervous system?
Iron, zinc, iodine, puff, vit a, b6, b12, folate, copper, selenium, protein
In the preconceptual period what is important for the placental function and structure?
Iron, pufa, vit E C, b12, folate, zinc, selineum, copper.
In the preconceptual period what is important for inflammation and immune function?
Vit A, D, zinc, fattier acid
In the preconceptual period what is important for embryogenesis ?
Vit A, b6, b12, folate, zinc
What will help woman increase fertility?
Vitamin D, folic acid, iron, protein, pufa, less caffeine
What is important in increasing fertility in males?
D, C, calcium, zinc, low glycemic index, less caffeine, protein, soy
During pregnancy what happens to blood volume, water soluble components of blood and blood lipids?
^ blood volume and blood lipids. Decrease in water sol
During pregnancy what happens to HR and cardiac output, BP.
Hr and cardiac output increase, Low BP in first half, high in second. Low mg and ac assocaited with higher BP
What happens to sodium retention during pregnancy?
Increases
What happens to glomerular dilation rate during pregnancy?
Increase
What happens to insulin resistance in pregnancy?
It occurs in 3rd tri
What happens to protein synthesis and nitrogen excretion?
Protein up nitrogen down
What happens to fats in pregnancy?
Store in first half mobilize in second
What happens to metabolism in pregnancy?
Fasts longer than 12 hours can greatly increase production of keystone bodies
What percentof glucose delivered from maternal civilization is used by placenta?
30-40%
What are some causes of IUGR? (Intrauterine growth restriction ?
Small placenta, infection, hypertension, preeclampsia, malnution, small material size, drugs, young age
What increases the risk of miscarriage ( 3 things)
Under weight mom, vitamin E and D def, oxidative stress,
What nutrient may decrease the likelyhood of preterm delivery ?
Folic acid
How may more cals a day in the second tri?
340
How many more cals a day in the 3rd tri?
452
Protein in first half of pregnancy?
0.8 of current weight
Protein in second half of preg?
1.1
What are some important micronutrients during pregnancy?
Folate, b12, b6, choline. C,d,a,k.
Severe _____deficiency impairs fetal neurodevelopment?
Iodine
Required for DNA synth and fetal growth?
Folate
Required for protein metabolism ?
B6
Required for cell signaling and nerve transmission?
Choline
How much weight should an underweight mother gain during pregnancy?
28-40
How much weight should a normal weight mother gain during pregnancy?
25-35 pounds
How much weight should an over weight person gain during pregnancy?
15-25
How much weight should an obese mom gain during preg?
15-20
How much weight should a mom carrying twins gain during preg?
35-45 pounds
What is the definition of epigenetics ?
Stable changes to gene structure without changing DNA sequence
What inactivated cortisol during pregnancy?
11 B-hydroxysteriod dehydrogenase type 2 (11B-HSD2)