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Endocrinology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Endo means what?

A

From within

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2
Q

Where do endocrine system secrete hormones to?

A

Into blood rather then a duct (exocrine)

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3
Q

Endocrine system has target cells and organs true or false?

A

True

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4
Q

Endocrine has roles in regulation of body functions for what three things?

A

Proliferation

Growth

Differation

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5
Q

Endocrine glands are ductless and secrete what?

A

Chemical messengers

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6
Q

Hormones = Ligands = Agonists true or false

A

true

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7
Q

What do the chemical messengers (hormone ligand or agonist) affect?

What is special about the items affected?

A

System target cells.

They respond because they have specific receptors for specific hormones

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8
Q

What is a molecule that binds to a receptor and causes biologic response by the cell? usually Normal hormones.

Molecules that bind to receptor and block binding of an agonist? Usually drug

A

Agonist

Antagonist

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9
Q

What determines the appropriate response to maintain homeostasis?

A

Set point

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10
Q

What is the name for when hormone levels can be elevated but cells do not recognize the hormone?

Example?

A

Hormone Resistance

Androgen insensitivity example

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11
Q

Hormone distributed into the blood and affect target cells:

Produced in one cell and affects another neighboring cell:

Produced in cell and affects the same cell that produced hormone

A

Endocrine

Paracrine

Autocrine

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12
Q

Protein/peptide, Catecholamines, Steroid, Idothyronines, Eicosanoids are all types of what?

A

Hormone Classifications

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13
Q

Name examples of Endocrine glands

A 
Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Pancreas (mostly exocrine)
Adrenal 
Gonads
Placenta
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14
Q

What is the timeframe for the stimulus of hormone secretion?

A

Varies:
Examples
Epinephrine/Norepinephrine fast acting
Thyroid hormones - slower acting
Pituitary - slower acting
Sometimes months to achieve full effect
Each hormone has own type of onset and duration

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15
Q

What is the typical concentration of hormones?

A

Very small

1 picogram to a few micrograms

This amount influences the whole body cuz specialized mechanisms

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16
Q

How is the correct level of hormone at target cell ensured?

Which two levels can this occur?

A

Negative feedback through controlled secretion and target cells activity

Gene transcription and translation
Steps in processing and release of hormones

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17
Q

Describe the method of hormone transport for peptides and catecholamines. (they are water soluble)

A

Dissolved in plasma

Transported to target tissues

Diffuse out of capillaries

Into interstitial fluid to target cells

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18
Q

Describe the method of hormone transport for steroid and thyroid hormones.

A

Circulate in blood bound to plasma protein.

They are inactive when bound, act as reservoirs

This slows the clearance from plasma

Have to dissociate from plasma proteins to diffuse across capillaries

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19
Q

What happens if the rate of hormone secretion is greater than clearance?

A

Concentration will increase

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20
Q

What does MCR stand for?

A

Metabolic clearance rate

Rate of removal from the blood in milliliters of plasma cleared of hormone per minute

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21
Q

The liver clears the system of steroid hormones. If liver is diseased what can happen?

A

High amounts of hormone can remain in the system.

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22
Q

WHere are hormone receptors located? 3

A

On/in cell membrane

In cell cytoplasm

In nucleus

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23
Q

Rate of secretion, delivery via circulation, and degradation are associated with what?

Number of functional receptors, affinity for hormone, post receptor amplification, and abundance of effector molecules are associated with what?

A

Concentrations of hormone at target cell

Sensitivity

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24
Q

What does RIA stand for? What is it?

A

Radioimmunoassay. Way to measure hormones.

Specific antibody produced

Radioactive labled hormone

Hormone measured competes with labeled hormone

Correlates radioactivity to horomone conc.

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25
Q

What does ELISAs stand for? What is it?

A

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Measures proteins

Must have antibody for specific hormone

Easily automated

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26
Q

What are the advantages of ELISA testing?

A

Easily automated

Cost effective

Accurate for assessing hormone levels

Method of choice for clinical labs

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27
Q

Adenohypophysis

Originates from Rathke’s Pouch

Glandular tissue

6 major peptide

A

Anterior portion of the Pituitary Gland

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28
Q

Neurophypophysis

Neural tissue (from hypothalamus)

2 hormones - stored and synthesized from hypothalamus

Pars intermedia

Synthesizes and stores melanocyte stimulating hormone MSH

A

Posterior Portion of pituitary gland

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29
Q

Two major hormones of the anterior pituitary. What do they do?

A

Growth hormones - growth of body

Adrenocorticotropin (corticotropin) (ACTH) - Stimulation of glucocortorids
Metabolism of glucose proteins and fat

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30
Q

What controls most all pituitary secretion and has the main function of homeostasis?

What is at the base of this thing and serves as an interface between the mural and peripheral endocrine systems?

A

Hypothalamus

Median Eminence

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31
Q

How does the hypothalamus control the anterior pituitary secretion?

A

By releasing and inhibitory factors in the median eminence. They are delivered to the adenohypophysis by the:

Hypothalmic-hypophysial portal system (HHPS)

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32
Q

What is the other name for Growth Hormone (GH)?

Site of synthesis?

Class (chemical)?

Function (primary)

Means?

A

Somatotropin Hormone (STH)

Adenohypophysis

PPP - protein, polypeptide, peptide

Increase linear height

Stimulates enzymes of protein and synthesis of Somatomedin

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33
Q

Growth Hormone (Somatotropin)

Secondary Function 1

Means?

A

Stimulates metabolism

Stimulates enzyme of protein anabolism, CHO catabolism, and lipid catabolism

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34
Q

GH secondary function 2

secondary function 3

means

A

Increase blood glucose

Increase blood pressure

increase number of solutes in plasma

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35
Q

GH secondary function 4

5?

6?

7?

8?

9?

A

Increase plasma calcium

Increase renal reabsorption of sodium and phosphorus

Increase immune response

Increase oxygen transport

Stimulate brest development

Increase milk production

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36
Q

Which hormones control the secretion of Growth Hormone (Somatotropin Hormone)?

A

Somatoliberin

Somatostatin

Thyroxine

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37
Q

Somatoliberian (SRF) Synthesis location

Class (chemical)

Primary function

Secondary function

A

Hypothalamus

PPP - protein, polypeptide, peptide

Increase STH secretion

Increase all hormones of adenohypophysis

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38
Q

The process of building up organs and tissues, use ATP as energy.

Process of breaking down large molecules

What plays large part in balancing the two?

A

Anabolism

Catabolism

Circadian rhythms

39
Q

What does thyroid stimulating hormone do?

Adrenocorticotropic hormone?

Lh and FSH?

A

Regulate body metabolism

Respond to stress, too much cortisol growth failure

Increase sexual development

40
Q

Small child, Immature face and chubby, rate of growth is slow, height fallen behind on plot chart, less than two inches per year, puberty may be late or not at all, child is tall as children two years younger.

All signs of what?

A

Growth Hormone Deficiency

41
Q

Describe GH Deficiency signs and test

A

Hand x-ray for bone age.

MRI

Test for GH and insulin like factors

42
Q

What is the treatment for GH deficiency? Side effects?

A

Injections of GH one per day

Headache, fluid retention, muscle and joint pains, SLIPPAGE OF BONE AT HIP

43
Q

What relating to GH deficiency is caused by a defect in functioning of the pituitary gland, occurs around age 6-12, possible tumor or cyst in pituitary, maybe chromosomal disruption and does not show up in embryonic stage?

A

GH deficiency Pituitary Dwarfism

44
Q

What are signs of Dwarfism?

A

Short fingers

Upper arms and legs short, legs bowed

Lower back swayed

Head larger than normal, forehead bulge

45
Q

What are the symptoms of Dwarfism?

A

Low blood sugar

Double vision

Sleep disorders

Headaches

Diabetes

46
Q

Name for GH over production?

Usually large growth during childhood before growth plate closes

Excess of GH

Too much GH released due to non-malignat tumor

A

Gigantism

47
Q

Symptoms of Gigantism

A

Delayed puberty

Vision difficulty

Frontal bossing

Headache

Increased sweating

Large hands and feet

Galactorrhea

Weakness

48
Q

Gigantism Sign and treatment

A

MRI - CT

Removal of tumor and medications such as somatostatin (inhibits STH)

49
Q

Symptoms of Acromegaly

A

Swelling or enlargement of extremities, jaw, nose, tongue, lips other

Headaches, vision defects, voice becomes deep

Skin tags, sweating, diabetes,

Dental problems

Hypertension

Galactorrhea

Cardiomegaly

Carpal Tunnel

Swelling of thyroid

50
Q

Causes of Acromegaly

A

Pituatary - increased GH output

Increase levels of somatomedin or insulin

Body loses capacity to use nutrients

51
Q

Describe the case of 90% of cause acromegaly.

A

Pituitary tumor increases in size and puts pressure on cranial nerve which leads to blurred vision and causes headaches which results in damage to gland so it is unable to stop hormone release causing GROWING

52
Q

Somatostatin (SS) sites of synthesis (4)

Chemical Class

Primary functions (3)

A

Hypothalamus, Stomach, SI, D or delta cells from Isle of Langerhans

PPP

Decrease synthesis of STH

Decrease Insulin

Decrease Glucagon

53
Q

What are the three secondary functions of Somatostatin?

A

Decrease secretions of all hormones of adenohypophysis

Decrease immune response

Decrease digestion

54
Q

What increases control of secretion of Somatostatin (SS?)

A

All factors that decrease STH

55
Q

Insulin-Lilke Growth Factor - 1 (IGF1) other name?

Sites of synthesis (2)

Chemical class

A

Somatomedin (SM)

Liver and Kidneys

PPP

56
Q

IGF1 (Somatomedin SM) Primary functions

Means

A

Increase Linear Height (Same as STH)

Stimulates enzymes of protein anabolism
Stimulates Osteoblast cell activity

57
Q

IGF 1 (Somatomedin SM) secondary function

Means

A

Decrease Plasma Glucose

Increase Cellular Uptake of glucose

58
Q

Substance P site of synthesis

Chemical Class

Functions

Means

A

CNS and PNS

PPP

Transmit pain (info about damage to CNS)

Act as neurotransmitter for pain. Pain sensation and anxiety

59
Q

What three things will Substance P do?

A

Stimulate vasodilation
Decrease BP
Increase immune response

60
Q

Eczema, Fibromyalgia, Low back pain, and Arthritis are all associated with what?

A

Inflammatory processes from substance P

61
Q

What is involved with both Major Depression and PTSD?

A

Elevated CNS levels of Substance P

62
Q

How do endorphins work in the body?

How do they act?

Where are they manufactured?

A

They reduce your perception of pain and trigger positive feelings in body

They act as analgesics and sedatives

In CNS and other parts and are released in response to neurotransmitters.

63
Q

List the three main endorphins released in the body. What does each one do?

A

Come back to??? Website from bahatti no answer

64
Q

In men presenting with hight FSH levels what are clinical symptoms?

In women?

A

COme back to no website work

65
Q

Luteotropin (LTH) Primary Functions

A

Stimulates the development of mammary glands along with STH

Stimulates milk production. Lobular and alveolar ductal mammary tissue

66
Q

Luteotropin (LTH) Secondary functions (Big 4)

A

Increase metabolism

Increase plasma glucose

Increase BP

Increase Immune response

67
Q

What do Prolactostatin and Luteostatin do?

What do Prolactoliberin, Luteoliberin and Substance P do?

A

Prolactin Inhibiting Factors

Prolactin Releasing Factors

68
Q

Melanotropin Site of Synthesis

Primary Function

Means

Secondary functions

A

POMC cells in Pars intermedia (proopiomelanocortin) along with Adenohypophysis

Stimulate pigmentation

STimulate melanocytes to produce melanin

Big Four (Increase) metabolism, glucose, BP, imm.

Also increases memory

69
Q

What does Melanostatin do?

Melanoliberin?

Corticoliberin?

Corticostatin?

A

Melanotropin Inhibiting Factor

Melanotropin Releasing Factor

Corticotropin Releasing Factor

Corticotropin Inhibiting Factor

70
Q

Corticotropin Adrenocorticotropin (ATCH) Site synthesis

Primary Function

Secondary Functions

A

POMC cells - adenohypoohysis

Stimulate the development and maintenance of the adrenal gland and secretion of CORTISOL

Big Four minus Immune response

Decreases immune response and Increases pigmentation

71
Q

What is the most powerful controller of the adrenal gland!?!?

A

Corticotropin Adrenocorticotropin ACTH

72
Q

Endorphins Site of Synthesis

Primary function

Secondary functions

A

POMC cells adenohypophysis

Decrease pain stimuli and reproduction

Increases immune response and oxygen transport

73
Q

What four things control the secretion of endorphins

A

Pain stimuli

Stress

Psychological

Strenuous exercise

74
Q

Thyrotropin Thyroid Stim Hormone (TSH) site of synthesis

Primary function

Secondary function

A

Thyrotrope cells of Adenohypophysis

Stimulates the development and maintenance of the thyroid gland and secretion of thyroxine

BIG Four and Memory increase

75
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone FSH site of synthesis

Primary function

A

Gonadotrope - adenohyphophysis

Stimulates gonads to produce Gamete

76
Q

Activin site of synthesis

Function

A

Serotili Cells, Granulosoa of testies and ovaries

Stimulate the secretion of FSH ONLY

77
Q

Inhibin site of synthesis

Function

A

Sertoli cells, granulosa of testes and ovaries

Decrease the secretion of FSH ONLY

78
Q

Luteinizing Hormone LH other name

Site of synthesis

Function

Means

Secondary

A

Interstitial cell stimulating hormone

Gonadotrophs - Adenohypophysis

Stimulates the gonads to produce - androgens, estrogen, progesterone (sex hormones)

Maturation of follicle, ovulation, corpus luteum develop, stimulate secretion from corpus luteum and Thena Interna Cells

BIG FOUR

79
Q

Lutenizing Hormone LH vs Luteotropin (LTH)

A

LH primary means is sex hormones

LTH primary means is development of mammary glands

80
Q

Melatonin (Hormone of darkness) site of synthesis

Chemical Class

Functions

A

Pineal Gland

Biogenic amine - mono amino acid derivative

Increase sleep, immune response.
Decrease reproduction (FSH and LH) and Jet Lag
Antioxidant and Anti aging

81
Q

Pheromones Site of synthesis

Chemical Class

Funcitons

A

Kidneys and gonads

Steroids - androgens
Testosterone, androstenedions, androsterone DHEA

Stimulate reproduction, Increase aggression and awareness of surrounding

82
Q

Oxytocin site of synthesis

Function primary

Function Secondary

A

Paraventricular Nuclei - Hypothalamus Some in supraoptic

Stimulate milk release, parturition, uterine shrinkage

Increase renal absorption of water
Decrease Memory

83
Q

Difference from LTH and OT functions

A

LTH stimulate milk production in lobular and alveolar ducts

OT stimulates the myopithelial cells in mammary glands

84
Q

What controls the secretion of Oxytocin?

A

Myometrium OT stimulates smooth muscles contraction in the uterus

Ferguson Reflex from uterus to higher centers in the brain back down to stimulate uterine contractions.

85
Q

What is another name for Luteotropin?

What does it do?

Another name

A

Prolactin

Initiate secretion of milk

Parenting hormone

86
Q

Where does LH bind to the receptors on the Leydig cells?

Large bursts of LH mature into follicles

A

Teste

Ovaries

87
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone ADH Arginine Vasopressin site of synthesis

Primary Function

Secondary Function

A

Supra-optic nuclei - Hypothalamus

Increase renal absorption of water

Vasoconstiction increase BP
Increase immune, secretion of STH, ACTH and prostaglandins, Increase metabolism, glucose, digestion, memory.

88
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone ADH Arginine Vasopressin Control of secretion

A

Neurological - Nerve impulse down hypothalamic hypophyseal tract HHT.
Produced in hypothalamus - stored and released in bloodstream by pituitary

Physiological BP and Blood Volume

89
Q

Decreased output of ADH

Excessive urine output (polyuria)

Excessive Thirst

Charactersitics of what?

Causes of this?

A

Central Diabetes Insipidus

Insufficient release of ADH by hypothalamus

Or pituitary to release the ADH into bloodstream

Or Surgery Trauma Aneursym

90
Q

Phsycial characteristics of Central Diabetes Insipidus

A

Polyuria
Dilute urine
Hypotensison
Increased plasma Conc

91
Q

Compensation for Central Diabetes Insipidus

A

Increased aldosterone secretion
Increased renal absorption of sodium and excretion of hydrogen and potassium

Brings BP back toward normal

92
Q

Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus is a decreased sensivity and increased secretion to what?

Causes

A

ADH

Polyuria
Dilute Urine
Hypotension
Increased plasma Conc

Drugs (lithium) and Hereditary on X chromosome

93
Q

What else can block action of ADH?

A

High Levels of calcium or Low levels of K

94
Q

What is excessive release of antidiuretic hormone ADH? Fluid overload in patients (Strokes, Head Trauma, Brain Tumors)

A

Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion

Endocrinology (3 decks)

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