What are the 4 basic tissues of the human body?
Epithelial, muscle, neural, & connective tissue
What is osteology?
The study of bone
What are the 3 primary cell types of bone?
Osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts
What is the function of each type of bone cell?
Osteoblasts - build/form bone
Osteocytes - maintain or nurture bone
Osteoclasts - remodel bone
What are the bone cells embedded in?
An amorphous matrix consisting of ground substance, protein fibers and various minerals
What is the primary constituent of the ground substance?
Glycosaminoglycans
What is the principal type of protein fiber in bone?
Collagen type I
What are the primary constituents of the bone mineral?
Calcium, phosphate, citrate, & carbonate ions
What is the most frequently described deposit in bone?
Hydroxyapatite
Bone is also the repository for what additional ions?
Sodium, magnesium, fluoride, lead, strontium & radium
What is Wolff’s law as it pertains to bone?
Living tissue will respond to stressors; bone is formed or absorbed in response to stress
What are the 3 responses of bone that allow it to be described as “living”?
It has the ability to heal, to remodel under stressors, and to age
What is bone the embryological derivative of?
Mesenchyme or cartilage
What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?
Intramembranous ossification
What is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification?
From the second to third month in utero
What is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartilage?
From the second to fifth month in utero
What part of the skull is derived from endochondral ossification?
Chondrocranium
Which bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?
The clavicle
What are the primary sources of variation observed in bone?
Sexual dimorphism, ontogenetic variation, geographic/population based variation, and idiosyncratic variation
What are the six more commonly used classification of normal bone?
Long bone, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, paranasal sinus/ pneumatic bones, and sesamoid bone
What is the name given to bone formed in a non-bone location?
Heterotopic bone
What is the name given to bone formed from existing bone?
Accessory bone
What is the characteristic of sesamoid bone?
The bone develops within a tendon
What are consistent examples of sesamoid bones?
Patella and Pisiform
What are examples of heterotopic bone?
Calcific deposits in the pineal gland, heart, and ligaments
What are examples of accessory bone?
Para-articular processes and bony spurs of vertebrae
What are the 4 basic surface feature categories?
Elevations, depressions, tunnels/passageways, and facets
When do the surface features of bone become prominent?
During and after puberty
What are the types of osseous elevations?
Linear, rounded, and sharp
What are the types of osseous linear elevation?
The line, ridge and crest
What are the types of rounded osseous elevations?
Tubercle, protuberance, trochanter, tuber/tuberosity and malleolus
What are the categories of sharp osseous elevations?
Spine and process
What are the categories of osseous depressions?
Linear and rounded depressions
What are the categories of osseous linear depressions?
Notch/incisures, groove, and sulcus
What are the categories of rounded osseous depressions?
The fovea and fossa
What are the names given to openings on the surface of bone?
Ostium/orifice and hiatus
What are the names given to osseous Ostia which completely penetrate bone?
Foramen/canal
What is the definition of an osseous foramen?
An ostium passing completely through a thing region of bone
What is the definition of an osseous canal?
An ostium passing completely through a thick region of bone
What is the name given to an ostium which does not completely penetrate through a region of bone but appears as a blind-ended passageway?
Meatus
What is the definition of an osseous fissure?
An irregular slit-like/crack-like appearance between the surfaces of adjacent bones
What are the categories of osseous facets?
Flat facets and rounded facets
What are the categories of rounded osseous facets?
Articular heads and articular condyles
What bones form the axial skeleton?
The skull, hyoid, vertebral column, sternum and ribs
What is the name given to the adult skull minus the mandible?
Cranium
What are the names given to the top of the adult skull?
The clavaria or calva
What are the categories of bone forming the typical adult skull?
The neurocranium, the facial skeleton and the auditory ossicles
What is the total number of bones forming the typical adult skull?
28 bones
What bones form the neurocranium of the typical adult skull?
The frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid and ethmoid
How many bones for the typical adult neurocranium?
8 bones
How many bones form the facial skeleton?
14 bones
What is the name given to the presacral region of the typical adult vertebral column or spinal column?
The spine
What is the total number of bones forming the typical adult spine?
24 bones
How many bones are present in the typical adult sternum?
1 bone
What regions are present along the typical adult sternum?
The manubrium sterni, the corpus sterni and the xiphiod process
How many ribs are present in the typical adult skeleton?
12 pairs (24 total ribs)
What term is used to identify the study of ligaments?
Syndoesmology
What are the 3 histological classification’s of joints?
Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial fluid
The ligamentous sacrto-iliac joints are examples of which joint classification?
Syndesmosis
What are examples of a permanent (amphiarthrosis) syncondrosis?
Costochondral joints or the first sternochondral joint
Which cartilage joint classification would be considered secondary?
(Amphiarthrosis) symphysis
What are the characteristics of a (amphiarthrosis) symphysis?
Limited motion, median plan location, support ligaments both anterior and posterior to the joint, more permanent in longevity than synchondrosis and they occur between bones developing by endochondral ossification
Which examples of a (amphiarthrosis) symphysis is temporary?
Symphysis menti
What are the 4 consistent features of synovial (diarthrosis) joints?
Articular/fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, articular cartilage and synovial fluid
What are the characteristics of the type I articular receptors?
Located in the superficial layer of the fibrous capsule, resemble Ruffini endings, most numerous in cervical zygapophyses and they monitor the joint
“at rest”
What are the characteristics of type II articular receptors?
Located in deeper strata of the fibrous capsule, resemble Pacinian corpuscles, most numerous in the cervical spine and monitor the joint during normal range of motion
What are the characteristics of type III articular receptors?
Present in collateral and intrinsic ligaments, resemble Golgi tendon organs, not initially observed along the vertebral column and monitor extreme joint motion
What is the function of type IV articular receptors?
Nociceptive, they monitor pain
Type IVb articular receptors would be present in what locations?
Accessory ligaments in general, dense in the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine
What are the 3 modifications of articular synovial membrane?
- Synovial villi
- Articular fat pads/ Haversian glands
- Synovial menisci and intra-articular discs
Articular fat pads are most numerous in what location along the vertebral column?
Lumbar zygapophyses
Intra-articular discs are a feature of what joints examples?
Temporomandibular, sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular and radio-ulnar joints
Synovial menisci are a feature of what join examples?
Femur-tibia articulation, cervical zygapophyses and lumbar zygapophyses
What are the specific function s of type A synovial cells?
Phagocytic
What is the specific function of type B synovial cells?
Secrete proteinaceous substances and hyaluronic acid
Which collage fiber type predominates in articular cartilage?
Type II
What is the primary function of bound glycosaminoglycans in articular cartilage?
Form a network for water retention
What is implied when cartilage is said to have elastic properties?
Cartilage can deform and return to original volume rapidly, a time independent property
What is implied when cartilage is said to have viscoelastic properties?
Cartilage can deform but returns to original volume slowly, a time dependent property
Which theory of joint lubrication implies a loss of fluid from the cartilage into the joint space during compression results in increased viscosity of the synovial fluid?
Weeping theory
Which theory of joint lubrication imp[lies water loss from the synovial fluid increases viscosity of the remaining synovial fluid?
Boosted theory
Which theory of joint lubrication implies an ADsorption of lubricant onto cartilage surfaces is responsible for the low-friction observed during movement?
Boundary theory
What are the properties of synovial fluid?
Yellowish-white, viscous, slightly alkaline and tastes salty
Which substance in synovial fluid was first thought to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior?
Hyualuronate
Which substance in synovial fluid has been proposed to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior?
Lubricin
What is a complex synovial joint (diarthrosis)?
Within the simple joint or the compound joint, the articulating surfaces are separated by an articular disc or meniscus
What morphological classification of synovial joints is classified as nonaxial?
Plane (diarthrosis arthrodial)
What morphological classification of synovial joints would be classified as uniaxial?
Hinge (diarthrosis gingylmus) and Pivot (diarthrosis trochoid)
What morphological classification of synovial joints would be classified as biaxial?
(Diarthrosis) bicondylar, (diarthrosis) condylar, (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal and saddle (diarthrosis sellar)
What morphological classification of synovial joints would be classified as multiaxial?
Ball and socket (diarthrosis enarthrosis), (diarthrosis spheroidal), (diarthrosis cotyloid), are classification given to the same type of joint
What are the examples of synovial pivot joints?
Median atlanto-axial joint and proximal radio-ulnar joint
What are examples of diarthrosis condylar or diarthrosis bicondylar joints?
Temporomandibular joint and femur-tibia joint of the knee
What are examples of diarthrosis ellipsoidal joints?
Radiocarpal joint of the wrist, metacarpo-phalangeal joints of the hand, metatarsal-phalangeal joints of the foot and atlanto-occipital joint of the vertebral column
What are examples of synovial saddle joints?
Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb, talocrural joint of the ankle and the calcaneocuboid joint of the foot
What are examples of diarthrosis enarthrosis joints?
Femur - acetabulum of the innominate articulation at the hip
Humerus - glenoid cavity of the scapula articulation at the shoulder
What is the number of vertebrae in a typical adolescent?
33 segments
What is the number of vertebrae in a typical adult?
26 segments
What constitutes the spine?
24 presacral segments (The cervical, thoracic and lumbar)
Which mammals have more than seven cervical vertebrae?
The ant bear and three-toed sloth
which mammals have less than seven cervical vertebrae?
The manatee and two-toed sloth
What does the term “cervical” refer to?
Region of the neck
What does the term “thoracic” refer to?
Breast plate/chest; armor bearing region of the torso
What other term is often to identify the vertebral segments of the chest?
The dorsal segments (the dorsals)
What does the term “lumbar” refer to?
The loin; region between rib and hip
What does the term “sacrum” refer to?
The holy bone/holy region
What does the term “coccyx” refer to?
A cuckoo birds’ bill/beak
What is the length of a typical male spinal column?
About 70 cm or 28 in
What is the length of a typical female spinal column?
About 60 cm or 25 in
What is the length difference between a typical male and typical female spinal column?
About 3 inches
What is the length of a male cervical region?
About 12 cm or 5 in
What is the length of a male thoracic region?
About 28 cm or 11 in
What is the length of a male lumbar region?
About 18 cm or 7 in
What is the length of a male sacrum?
About 12 cm or 5 in
Based on the numbers for individual regions of the vertebral column, what is the length of the male spine? Total?
About 58 cm or 23 in
How does the vertebral column participate in skeletal formation?
Ribs are formed from the costal process of the embryonic vertebral template
What levels of the vertebral column specifically accommodate weight-bearing transfer?
S1-S3 at the articular surface
What is specifically responsible for the shape and position of the human frame?
Comparative anterior vs. posterior height of the vertebral body and comparative anterior vs. posterior height of the intervertebral disc
What organ(s) is/are specifically associated with the horizontal axis of the skull?
The eye and the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear
Invagination of ectoderm along the primitive streak gives rise to what embryonic structure?
Notochord
What is the name given to the mesoderm that will give rise to the vertebral column?
Paraxial mesoderm
Name the areas of cellular differentiation formed within the somite.
Sclerotome, myotome and dermatome
What are the names of the successive vertebral columns formed during development?
Membranous, cartilaginous, skeletal and osseous
Migration of a somite pair to surround the notochord forms what developmental feature?
The perichordal blastema
The perichordal blastema gives rise to what process?
Neural processes and costal processes
What is the name of the artery located between adjacent perichordal blastemae?
Intersegmental artery
What forms between the sclerotomites of a perichordal blastema?
The intrasclerotomal fissure (fissure of von Ebner)
The inrasclerotomal fissure (fissure of von Ebner) gives rise to what development feature?
The perichordal disc
The union of a dense caudal sclerotomite and a loose cranial sclerotomite from adjacent perchordal blastemae gives rise to what feature?
The vertebral blastema
What vessel will be identified adjacent to the vertebral blastema?
The segmental artery
When will cartilage first form in the membranous vertebral blastema?
Beginning of the 6th embryonic week
What is the name given to the replacement of mesoderm by cartilage?
Chondrification
How many centers of chondrification typically appear in the vertebral blastema?
6…… 2 - for centrum, 2 - for neural arches, 2 - for each transverse process
What is the earliest time that centers of ossification appear in the cartilaginous vertebra?
During the 7th embryonic week
What is the name given to centers of ossification based on time of appearance?
Primary centers appear in utero, secondary center appear after birth
What is the ratio of primary to secondary centers of ossification for a typical vertebra?
3 primary: 5 secondary
What are the names of the primary centers of ossification for a typical vertebra?
Centrum centers and neural arch centers
What are the names/locations of the five secondary centers of ossification for a typical vertebra?
Tip of the transverse process, tip of the spinous process, epiphyseal plate centers
What is the range of appearance for secondary centers of ossification of a typical vertebra?
During puberty, typically ages 11-16 years old
What is the general shape of the vertebral body and vertebral arch?
Cervical - rectangular
Thoracic - triangular
Lumbar - reniform
What is the name given to the compact bone at the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral body?
Superior epiphyseal rim and Inferior epiphyseal rim
What is the name given to the intermediate part of the vertebral arch where the transverse process and articular processes attach?
The lamina - pedicle junction
What is the generic orientation of the pedicle at each region of the spine?
Cervical - Posterolateral
Thoracic - Posterior, slight lateral
Lumbar - Posterior
What is the name given to the lamina - pedicle junction at each region of the spine?
Cervical - articular pillar
Thoracic and Lumbar - pars interarticularis
What is the name given to the junction of the vertebral arch - spinous process on later X-ray?
The spinolaminar junction
What is the generic orientation of the transverse process/apophysis at each region of the spine?
Cervical - anterolateral
Thoracic - posterolateral
Lumbar - lateral
All non-rib-bearing vertebra of the spine retain what equivalent feature?
The costal element
What will cause the transverse process/apophysis to alter its initial directions in the cervical region?
Cervical spinal nerves are pulled forward to form the cervical and brachial nerve plexuses thus remodeling the transverse process to accommodate their new position
What is the name given to the joint formed between articular facets of a vertebral couple?
The zygapophysis
What will form the posterior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?
The inferior articular process/post-zygapophysis, the superior articular process/pre-zygapophysis, the capsular ligament, and the ligamentum flavum
What will form the inferior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?
The superior vertebral notch/Superior vertebral incisure
What will form the anterior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?
The vertebral body of the segment above, the vertebral body of the segment below, the intervertebral disc, and the posterior longitudinal ligament
What is the method of calculation the angle of the spinous process/spinous apophysis?
Calculate the angle formed between the undersurface of the spinous process/spinous apophysis and the horizontal plane
What is the name given to the normal overlap of the spinous processes/ spinous apophyses as seen on an X-ray?
Imbrication
What is the orientation of the spinous process/spinous apophysis at each region of the spine?
Cervical - slight angle inferiorly
Thoracic - noticeable angle inferiorly
Lumbar - no inferior angle
What is the typical shape/outline of the vertebral foramen at each region of the spinal/vertebral column?
Cervical - triangular
Thoracic - oval
Lumbar - triangular
Sacrum - triangular
At what vertebral level will the spinal cord typically terminate?
L1
At what vertebral level will the dural sac typically terminate?
S2
What are the segmental arteries of the cervical spine?
The vertebral artery, ascending cervical artery and deep cervical artery
What are the segmental arteries of the thoracic spine?
The deep cervical artery, superior intercostal artery, posterior intercostal artery and subcostal artery
What are the segmental arteries of the lumbar spine?
The lumbar arteries, iliolumbar artery, lateral sacral artery and median sacral artery
What are the segmental arteries of the fifth lumbar vertebra?
The iliolumbar artery, lateral sacral artery and median sacral artery
What are the segmental arteries of the sacrum?
The iliolumbar artery, lateral sacral artery and median sacral artery
What segmental levels are supplied by the vertebral artery?
C1-C6
What segmental levels are3 supplied by the ascending cervical artery?
C1-C6
What segmental levels are supplied by the superior intercostal artery?
T1-T2
What segmental levels are supplied by the deep cervical artery?
C7-T1
What segmental level(s) is/are supplied by the subcostal artery?
T12
What segmental levels are supplied by the posterior intercostal artery?
T3-T11
What segmental levels are supplied by the lumbar arteries?
L1-L4
What segmental levels are supplied by the median sacral artery?
L5, S1-S5 and coccyx
What segmental levels are supplied by the iliolumbar artery?
L5, S1-S5 and coccyx
Which vertebra has the greatest number of segmental arteries associated with it?
L5
What is the segmental arteries of L5?
Iliolumbar artery, median sacral artery and lateral sacral
What branch of the segmental artery supplies the vertebra and paravertebral region?
Dorsospinal artery
Which artery is primarily observed in the distal part of the intervertebral disc?
Spinal artery
Which branch of the dorsospinal artery will penetrate the meninges to enter subarachnoid space?
Spinal artery
What are the branches of the spinal artery?
Osseous arteries, anterior spinal canal artery, posterior spinal canal artery, anterior medullary feeder artery, posterior medullary feeder artery, anterior radicular artery, posterior radicular artery
Which branches o the spinal artery supply the contents of the epidural space?
Osseous arteries, anterior spinal canal artery, posterior spinal canal artery
What arteries are observed in the epidural space near the posterior longitudinal ligament?
Anterior spinal canal artery & plexus
What arteries are observed in the epidural space near the legamentum flavum?
Posterior spinal canal artery & plexus
Which branches of the spinal artery supply the contents of the subarachnoid space?
Anterior radicular artery, posterior radicular artery, anterior medullary feeder artery and posterior medullary feeder artery
Which vessel will supply the dorsal/posterior nerve rootlets, nerve roots and nerve root ganglion?
Posterior radicular artery
What is the location and number of medullary feeder arteries present in the adult?
9 anterior and 12 posterior medullary feeder arteries
What is the name given to the artery that lies in front of the spinal cord along its length?
Anterior spinal artery
The anterior spinal artery is a branch of which artery?
The vertebral artery
Is the anterior spinal artery a single, continuous artery along the spinal cord?
No
As the anterior spinal artery continues along the spinal cord, which arteries unite along its length to give the appearance of a single continuous vessel?
Anterior medullary feeder arteries
The posterior spinal artery is a branch of which artery?
The posterior inferior cerebellar artery
What is the position of the posterior spinal artery relative to the spinal cord?
It lies in the posterolateral sulcus along the spinal
Is the posterior spinal artery a single, continuous artery along the spinal cord?
No
As the posterior spinal artery continues along the spinal cord, which arteries unite along its length to give the appearance of a single continuous vessel?
Posterior medullary feeder arteries
What forms the arterial vasa corona above C3?
Right and left anterior spinal arteries, right and left posterior spinal arteries, and 4 communicating arteries
What forms the arterial vasa corona below C6?
A median anterior spinal artery, right and left posterior spinal arteries and 3 communicating arteries
What is the generic name given to arteries that penetrate the spinal cord?
Intramedullary arteries
What are the intramedullary branches of the arterial vasa corona?
Pial perforation arteries, central/ventral/sulcal perforation arteries
What arterial casa corona branches supply gray matter and most of the spinal cord?
Ventral/central/sulcal perforating arteries
What intramedullary branches supply about one third of the spinal cord?
pial perforation arteries
What is the source for pial perforation arteries?
The pial plexus
What is the primary artery supplementing the arterial vasa corona?
Anterior medullary feeders and posterior medullary feeders
What vessels drain the spinal cord?
Pial veins
What will pial veins drain into?
Venous vasa corona
Which vessels form the venous vasa corona?
Right and left anterior longitudinal veins, right and left posterior longitudinal veins, and 4 communication veins
Which vessels will drain the venous vasa corona?
Anterior medullary veins, posterior medullary veins
What vessel will drain the dorsal/posterior nerve root ganglion?
Posterior radicular veins
What veins are observed in the epidural space near the posterior longitudinal ligament?
Anterior internal vertebral venous plexus, basivertebral vein
What veins are observed in the epidural space near the ligament flavum?
Posterior internal vertebral venous plexus
What venous vessels are identified in the intervertebral foramen?
Intervertebral veins
Identify the meninges of the spinal cord.
Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
What is the name given to the fluid within the epidural space?
Interstitial fluid
Which meningeal space is now thought to be a potential space, not an actual space?
Subdural space - between the dura mater and arachnoid mater
Which of the contents of the epidural space are more likely located near or around the posterior longitudinal ligament?
Anterior spinal canal artery & plexus
Anterior internal vertebral venous plexus
Basivertebral vein
Recurrent meningeal/sinu-vertebral/sinus vertebral nerve
Hofmann/anterior dural/meningoververtebral ligaments
What is the name given to the fluid present within the subdural space?
Serous fluid
What is the name given to the fluid within the subarachnoid space?
Cerebrospinal fluid
From a horizontal view, what direction of the spinal cord tends to be the largest?
Transverse
What are the spinal cord enlargement locations and the name given to each?
C3-T1 (cervical enlargement)
T9-T12 (the lumbar enlargement)
Where is the greatest transverse diameter of the spinal cord?
C6
What is a generic cord level of origin - vertebral level combination for the lumbar enlargement?
L1, L2 cord levels in T9 vertebra
L3, L4 cord levels in T10 vertebra
L5, S1 cord levels in T11 vertebra
S2, S3 cord levels in T12 vertebra
What is the caudal end of the spinal cord called?
Conus medullaris
What spinal nerves originate from the conus medullaris?
Typically S4, S5, and Co1
In which vertebral foramen will the conus medullaris typically be observed?
L1
What is the name given to the nerve roots below L1?
Cauda equina
What is the continuation of pia mater below the conus medullaris called?
Filum terminale internum
What is the location and name given to the area where all meninges first converge at the caudal part o the vertebral column?
Typically S2, the dural cul de sac
Neural tissue has been identified in what part of the filum terminale?
Proximal part of the filum terminale internum
What is the fate of the neural tissue identified along the filum terminale internum?
It joins peripheral nerve roots of spinal nerves as high as L3 and as low as S4
What does the neural tissue associated with the filum terminale externum appear to innervate?
Lower limbs and the external anal sphincter
The last arterial vasa coronal creates what feature on angiogram?
Cruciate anastomosis
What is the name given to the condensation of meninges below S2?
Filum terminale externum
What is the name given to the caudal attachment of the meninges?
Coccygeal medullary vestige?
What is the name given to the condition in which the conus medullaris is located below L1 and the filum terminale is thickened?
Tethered cord syndrome
What is the relationship between scoliosis and tethered cord syndrome?
It is suggested that the column will change normal curvatures to mitigate damage to the spinal cord
What is the relationship between spinal nerve number, rib number and vertebral number in the thoracic intervertebral foramen?
The spinal nerve number relates to the upper segment number in the vertebral couple; the rib number relates to the lower segment number in the vertebral couple
Which mammals have more than seven cervical vertebrae?
Ant bear and three-toed sloth
Which mammals have less than seven cervical vertebrae?
Manatee and two-toed sloth
What would be the direction of the cervical curve based on osseous features?
Posterior (kyphotic)
What accounts for the direction of the typical cervical curve?
The intervertebral disc height
What is the d, uncusirection of the typical cervical curve?
Anterior (lordotic)
At which vertebral couple will the cervical curve again increase intervertebral disc height?
C5-C6
What is the effect of aging on the cervical vertebral body?
It diminishes the overall height of the vertebral body
What are the modifications of the superior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical?
Anterior groove, posterior groove, right left uncinate processes
What are the names of the later modification of the superior epiphyseal rim?
Uncinate process, unciform process, uncovertebral process, uncus/lateral lip
At what developmental age will the uncinated process first be observed?
3rd-4th fetal month
What are the modifications of the inferior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical?
Anterior lip, posterior lip, right and left later grooves
What are the names given to the lateral modifications of the inferior epiphyseal rim?
Lateral groove/enchancrure
What is the joint classification for the anterior lip-anterior groove articulation?
Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
What is the joint classification for the posterior lip-lateral groove articulation?
Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
What is the joint classification for the unciate process-lateral groove articulation?
Modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar)
What is the joint classification for the spongy bone-intervertebral disc articulation?
Cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
How many joint surfaces are present on the upper surface of a typical cervical vertebral body?
5
How many joint surfaces are present on the lower surface of a typical cervical vertebral body?
5
How many joint surfaces are present on a typical cervical vertebral body?
10
What is the name given to the uncinated process-lateral groove articulation?
Joint of Luschka or uncovertebral joint
What does the recent literature suggest as the nature of the joint of Luschika?
The joint is representative of intervertebral disc aging, which results in loss of lamellar integrity near the joint
What is the functional significance of the joint of Luschika?
It appears to stabilize the intervertebral disc while accommodating flexion and extension, requiring coupling motion (axial rotation with lateral bend) in the cervical spine
What muscle attaches to the typical cervical vertebral body?
The longus colli muscle
What is the orientation and angulation of the pedicle of a typical cervical?
Posterolateral, 45 degrees
At what location on the vertebral body of a typical cervical will the pedicle attach?
To the side and in the center of the vertebral body
The greatest transverse diameter of the typical cervical vertebra occurs at what level?
C6
The greatest frequency of osteophytes associated with the vertebral body occurs at which typical cervical vertebral couple?
C5-C6
List, in order, the osseous parts of the typical cervical vertebra transverse process beginning at the vertebral body.
Costal element, anterior tubercle, costotransverse bar, posterior tubercle, true transverse process
What muscle will attach to the anterior tubercle of a typical cervical vertebra?
Anterior scalene, Longus capitis, longus colli, anterior intertransversarii
What muscles may attach to the posterior tubercle of a typical cervical vertebra?
Spenius cervicis, iliocostalis cervicis, longissimus cervicis, levator scapula, middle scalene, posterior scalene, rotators and posterior intertransversarii
What muscles will attach to the costotransverse bar?
Middle scalene and posterior intertransversarii
What is the name given to the superior margin of the costotransverse bar?
Sulcus for the ventral primary ramus of a cervical spinal nerve
What is the orientation and angulation of a typical cervical transverse process?
60 degrees anterolaterally (from midsagittal plane) 15 degrees inferiorly (from horizontal plane)
What is the name given to the modification of the anterior tubercle of the C6 transverse?
The carotid tubercle
What will cause remodeling of the anterior tubercle at C6?
The common carotid artery
What will occupy the typical cervical vertebra transverse foramen?
The vertebral artery, vertebral venous plexus and postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers