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Toxicology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Chronicity Factor: Definition

A

ratio between acute LD50 and chronic LD50

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2
Q

Chronicity Factor:

A

toxicant isn’t cumulative

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3
Q

Chronicity Factor: > 2

A

toxicant is cumulative

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4
Q

Highest Non-Toxic Dose (HNTD): Definition

A

highest dose possible w/o undesirable alterations

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5
Q

% -> g/100ml

A

1% = 1g/100ml

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6
Q

ppm -> mg/kg

A

1ppm = 1mg/kg

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7
Q

ppm -> %

A

1 ppm = 0.0001%

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8
Q

ppm -> mg/dL

A

1ppm = 0.1mg/dL

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9
Q

ppm -> g/ton

A

1.1ppm = 1g/ton

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10
Q

Dilution Equation

A

% required/ % of stock x V required

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11
Q

Toxicity Equation

A

ppm in feed x % of BW eaten daily

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12
Q

What agency performs safety testing?

A

Environmental Protection Agency

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13
Q

Toxicology Dx: Criteria

A

history, signs, postmortem finding, lab findings

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14
Q

Toxicology Dx: History

A

O info, mode of exposure, examine food/water

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15
Q

Toxicology Dx: Clinical Signs

A

signs, PE

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16
Q

Toxicology Dx: Postmortem Findings

A

gross and microscopic examination

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17
Q

Toxicology Dx: Lab Findings

A

clin path tests, chem analysis

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18
Q

Toxicosis: Treatment

A

symptomatic until toxin is out of the system/removed

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19
Q

Toxicosis: Removal Methods

A

remove source, remove from site of absorption (wash, v/d), dec. absorption (precipitation, adsorption)

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20
Q

Organophosphate: Purpose

A

Insecticide

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21
Q

Organophosphates: Properties

A

bioactivated (lethal synthesis), degrades in 2-4wks in environment, storage activation

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22
Q

Organophosphates: Toxicokinetics

A

lipophilic - absorbed by GI, skin, mm, and inhalation

distributed throughout the body

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23
Q

Organophosphates: MoA

A

irreversible inhibition of cholinesterases => muscarinic activation

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24
Q

Organophosphates: Signs

A 
Diarrhea
Urination
Miosis
Bronchoconstriciton
Bradychardia
Emesis
Lacrimation
Salivation
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25
Organophosphates: Dx
direct detection, atropine response test (strong response = not OP), history
26
Organophosphates: Treatment
decontaminate, supportive, atropine, 2-PAM
27
Carbamates: Purpose
Insecticide
28
Carbamates: MoA
reversible ACh inhibitor => muscarinic activation
29
Carbamates: Signs
``` Diarrhea Urination Miosis Bronchoconstriciton Bradycardia Emesis Lacrimation Salivation ```
30
Carbamates: Tx
supportive, atropine
31
Organochlorines: Purpose
insecticide (DDT)
32
Organochlorines: Properties
highly lipophilic, 2-15 year environment half-life
33
Organochlorines: Tk
readily absorbed, well distributed, poss. lethal synthesis, enterohepatic recycling, redistributes to fat
34
Organochlorines: MoA
slow Na influx and K efflux => repetitive firing of neuron
35
Organochlorines: Signs
CNS stimulation, ataxia, seizures
36
Organochlorines: Dx
ID toxin, history
37
Organochlorines: Tx
decontaminate, symptomatic
38
Pyrethrins: Purpose
insecticide
39
Pyrethrins: Properties
unstable in air and light, very toxic to fish and birds
40
Pyrethrins: Tk
lipophilic, metabolized in GI, plasma, and liver, works better at lower temp.
41
Pyrethrins: MoA
delay closure of Na ion channels => paralysis
42
Pyrethrins: Signs
muscle tremors, depression, ataxia, v/d, dyspnea, hyperexcitablility
43
Pyrethrins: Dx
history, signs
44
Pyrethrins: Tx
decontaminate, keep warm, symptomatic
45
Rotenone: Purpose
insecticide
46
Rotenone: Properties
toxic to fish
47
Rotenone: Tk
inhalation is more toxic than ingestion, eliminated in feces w/in 24hrs
48
Rotenone: MoA
blocks oxidative phosphorilation => anesthetic like effects
49
Rotenone: Signs
irritation, depression, seizures, asphyxia
50
Rotenone: Dx
lab (hypoglycemia, liver changes, hypoxemia), history
51
Rotenone: Tx
decontaminate, symptomatic
52
Nicotine: Purpose
Insecticide (tobaco)
53
Nicotine: Tk
absorbed well through inhalation and skin, well distributed, alk. stomach inc. absorption, poss. enterohepatic recycling
54
Nicotine: MoA
nicotinic receptor agonist
55
Nicotine: Signs
Early - ataxia, hypersalivation, vomiting, bradycardia, tremors; Later - CNS depression; odor
56
Nicotine: Dx
ID toxin, history
57
Nicotine: Tx
decontaminate (w/o alkalizing stomach/urine), enhance excretion, atropine, symptomatic
58
Amitraz: Purpose
Insecticide
59
Amitraz: MoA
a-2 agonist
60
Amitraz: Tk
readily absorbed orally, inhaled, or skin, 24hr elimination half-life, distributed throughout body
61
Amitraz: Signs
transient sedation (24-72hrs), vomiting
62
Amitraz: Dx
ID toxin, history, signs
63
Amitraz: Tx
yohimbine, atipamezole, decontaminate
64
DEET: Purpose
Insecticide (OFF, Cutter)
65
DEET: Tk
can persist in skin
66
DEET: Signs
Small Mammals - depression ataxia, tremors, seizures; | Dogs/cats - hypersalivation, vomiting, tremors, ataxia
67
DEET: Dx
ID toxin, history, signs
68
DEET: Tx
decontaminate, symptomatic
69
Naphthalene: Purpose
insecticide (mothballs
70
Naphthalene: Tk
absorbed by ingestion, inhalation, or through skin
71
Naphthalene: MoA
oxidation => methemoglobinemia
72
Naphthalene: Signs
odor, salivation, v/d, hemolysis, methemoglobinemia (brown mm), secondary hepatic and renal damage
73
Naphthalene: Dx
hematologic changes, history, signs
74
Naphthalene: Tx
ascorbic acid (Vit C), decontaminate, symptomatic
75
Ivermectin: Purpose
insecticide (dewormer)
76
Ivermectin: Tk
well absorbed orally, well distributed but CNS (except ABCB-1 mutation), excreted unchanged in feces, 2d elimination half-life
77
Ivermectin: MoA
GABA agonist
78
Ivermectin: Signs
CNS depression, sedation
79
Ivermectin: Dx
ID toxin, history, signs
80
Ivermectin: Tx
decontaminate, symptomatic
81
Anticoagulant Rodenticides: Properties
odorless, tasteless, wks for environmental breakdown, slow onset
82
Anticoagulant Rodenticides: Tk
complete absorption, PP bound
83
Anticoagulant Rodenticides: MoA
inhibit Vit. K conversion
84
Anticoagulant Rodenticides: Signs
1-5d post exposure, hemorrhage (and associated secondary signs)
85
Anticoagulant Rodenticides: Dx
hemorrhage lesions, ID toxin, history, signs, blood work (CBC, coag)
86
Anticoagulant Rodenticides: Tx
Vit. K1 orally
87
Cholecalciferol: Purpose
rodenticide (quintox, rampage, Vit D cream)
88
Cholecalciferol: Properties
Vit D3, lipophilic
89
Cholecalciferol: Tk
absorbed in GI, PP bound, enterohepatic cirulation
90
Cholecalciferol: MoA
causes hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia
91
Cholecalciferol: Signs
24-36hr post exposure, anorexia, PU/PD, arrhythmias, hypertension, hemorrhagic GI, mineralized soft tissue
92
Cholecalciferol: Dx
inc. Ca, P, Vit D; dec. PTH, eliminate differentials, hisotry, signs
93
Cholecalciferol: Tx
decontaminate, symptomatic, hypercalcemia
94
Bromethalin: Purpose
Rodenticide
95
Bromethalin: Tk
highly lipophilic, rapidly absorbed orally, widely distributed, 5-6d elimination half-life, enterohepatic recycling
96
Bromethalin: MoA
uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation => depletion of ATP
97
Bromethalin: Signs
Acute (2-24hrs) - CNS excitation, death | Subacute (2-3d) - hind limb ataxia, progress to UMN signs, CNS depression
98
Bromethalin: Dx
cerebral edema, ID toxin, history, signs
99
Bromehtalin: Tx
decontamination (activated charcoal w/ sorbitol, symptomatic

Toxicology (3 decks)

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