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Criminology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is CPTED?

A

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design; natural access control, natural surveillance, territoriality, maintenance

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2
Q

What is the difference between classical school and positivist school?

A

Classical says we commit crimes at our own free will and positivist says we commit crime for reasons beyond our control (biological, psychological)

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3
Q

Who led the positivist school?

A

Lombrosso

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4
Q

What was Lombrosso’s theory called?

A

Atavism: said the criminals are genetic throwbacks and biologically inferior. Crime is a disease. That criminals physically resembled cavemen.

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5
Q

Who discredited Lombrosso’s atavistic theory?

A

Goring in the English Convict: he said criminals differed by physical and intellectual deficits.

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6
Q

What are the 4 approaches to studying Biological influences on crime?

A

Genetic studies (twins, adoptions), biological harms studies, autonomic nervous system, environmental studies

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7
Q

Is there a link between a low IQ and crime?

A

People with a low IQ have a negative learning environment, may drop out, have fewer opportunities, associate with delinquents, turn to crime

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8
Q

What is the gene based evolutionary theory?

A

some genetically based traits may have provided reproductive advantage at some point ex: aggression

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9
Q

What are the 3 crimes identified by the gene based evolutionary theory?

A
  1. Rape and Sexual assault: rape is exhibited by the sex that invests the least in offspring (men invest least in conception)
  2. special and romantic triangle assault: sex that runs the greatest risk of misidentifying it’s offspring is more likely to resort to violence (men may not take care of an offspring that might not be theirs)
  3. child abuse/neglect: if number of offspring is greater than resources or for children that are less fit violence may occur. (or with step kids)
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10
Q

Who developed the psychoanalytic theory?

A

Freud

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11
Q

What does the psychoanalytic theory say?

A

Id: primitive, impulses
Ego: conscious, mediates ID
Superego: conscience

If someone has a weak ego or superego they cannot control impulses of ID = crime

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12
Q

How do we determine who is a psychopath?

A

PCR: there are 20 categories, 2 points possible per category if you score a 30 = psychopath

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13
Q

What was Capsi et al’s theory of personality and crime?

A

Caspi et al did a study w/ 18 year olds in New Zealand and boys in Pittsburgh and said that all traits can be combined into supertraits

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14
Q

What are the 3 supertraits that Caspi et al established and how do they contribute to your likelihood to commit crime?

A
  1. Constraint: made up of traditionalism, harm avoidance, and control
  2. negative emotionality: agression, alienation, stress reaction
  3. positive emotionality: achievement, social potency, well being, social closeness

If someone has low levels of constraint and high levels of negative emotionality it will cause delinquency

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15
Q

define criminology

A

process of making, breaking, and reacting towards the breaking of laws

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16
Q

What constitutes a crime?

A

Public opinion (everyone says its wrong) and morality (vice crimes-gambling)

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17
Q

What is mala en se and mala prohibita?

A 
Mala en se (things that have always been bad)
Mala prohibita (bad because society says so and can vary over time)
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18
Q

Crime is usually ___

A

deviant

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19
Q

On the continum of deviance, what theories explain extreme crimes like serial homicide?

A

Individual theories

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20
Q

On the continuum of deviance, what crimes are caused by purely societal causes?

A

speeding, underage drinking

21
Q

macro vs micro

A

macro theories explain broad patterns in crime and micro theories focus on individuals

22
Q

What are the two perspectives of how law is formed?

A

Consensus and conflict

23
Q

Explain the consensus model of crime:

A

Law is a product of social needs and values, it is in our best interest to make this illegal.
laws formalize values and norms

24
Q

Explain the conflict model of crime

A

Law is created by and a reflection of powerful interest groups; small group thinks a certain behavior threatens their status quo so they make it illegal

25
Q

What is Lex Talionis

A

just deserts- an eye for an eye

26
Q

What are the 4 punishment philosophies?

A
  1. Rehab 2.Incapacitation 3. Deterrence 4.Retribution
27
Q

Define the deterrence punishment philosophy

A

If we make the cost of crime high, people won’t do it (they’ll fear punishment)

28
Q

Define the incapacitation punishment philosophy

A

Remove the opportunity for crime (like w/o parole)

29
Q

Define retribution punishment philosophy

A

Revenge; punishment because you deserve it; eye for an eye (death penalty0

30
Q

Define rehab punishment philosophy

A

address underlying cause of crime

31
Q

What is the UCR?

A

Uniform crime report: 8 serious offenses, 20 crimes
doesn’t give us good idea of dark figure of crime
95-97% of agencies use this
hierarchy rule
sometimes crime only comes up if someone is arrested

32
Q

What is NIBRS?

A

national incident based reporting system:
more in depth data- gives offender/victim relationship
can tell if multiple crimes were committed at once
no hierarchy rule

33
Q

What are some alternative ways to measure crime?

A

Victimization survey: NCVS- call houses

Self report studies: NYS national youth survey

34
Q

What measure do we use to try and identify the dark shadow of crime?

A

NCVS: victimization survey

35
Q

What makes a theory good/bad?

A

it must be consistent, diverse, both scopes, parsimony (simple), accounts for current stats

36
Q

What makes a theory good?

A

Must be falsifiable (testable), cannot be tautological (circular reasoning), must be valid (supported by research)

37
Q

Who led the classical theory?

A

Cesare Beccaria

38
Q

What is the main thesis of the classical theory?

A

people act in a rational matter that results in the greatest pleasure and lowest pain

39
Q

What are some of the assumptions of the classical theory?

A

everyone is selfish and motivated to pursue their own interests
swiftness, certainty, and severity of punishment affect whether people commit crime

40
Q

What is the deterrence theory?

A

Focuses on how we punish: Direct punishment and indirect and cost benefit analysis

41
Q

What is the rational choice theory?

A

people rationally choose their actions based on maxing pleasure and minimizing pain.

42
Q

What is the routine activity theory?

A

3 things must occur for a crime to happen: 1. motivated offender 2.sutiable targets 3. lack of capable guardians

43
Q

In accordance with the routine activities theory, how do you stop crime?

A

stop any of the 3 things from happening

44
Q

what are the factors that affect target suitability for routine activities theory?

A

VIVA: Value, Inertia, Visibility, Accessibilty

45
Q

What are the 3 features of Situational Crime prevention?

A
  1. Explanations focused on the criminal event
  2. explanations for separate categories of crime
  3. consideration of the individuals current circumstances and the immediate features of the setting
46
Q

What are the components of CPTED?

A

Natural access control: one way in and one way out
Natural surveillance
Territoriality: design a place so an individual wants to defend it
Maintenance: maintain property

46
Q

What is CPTED

A

Crime Prevention through environmental design

47
Q

What are the reasons the deterrence and rational theory don’t work? Reasons for high recidivism rates.

A
  1. Criminals aren’t rational
  2. Punishment may lead to things linked to crime, it may teach them things
  3. our justice system doesn’t punish effectively and isn’t reintegrating

Criminology (1 decks)

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