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Evolution > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

what happens to allele frequencies in hardy weinberg

A

they do not change

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2
Q

alleles that don’t code for anything, but mark and distinguish different DNA regions

A

genetic markers

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3
Q

number of alleles in pop

A

allelic diversity

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4
Q

proportion of each allele

A

allele frequency

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5
Q

what are the 5 assumptions for hardy weinberg to be true

A 
no selection
no genetic drift
no mutation
no migration
random mating
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6
Q

what is the field focused on the calculation of genotype frequencies

A

population genetics

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7
Q

define evolution

A

change in genetic composition or allele frequency of a population over time

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8
Q

do natural selection and evolution mean the same thing?

natural selection is a ______ of evolution

A

no

mechanism

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9
Q

why is extinction important for evolution

A

determine which population persists

adaptive radiation of other taxa

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10
Q

which early evolutionary biologist believed that lower life forms became higher and that adaptive nongenetic changes and animal acquired due to its environment could be passed to offspring
also said that species were not fixed

A

Lamarck

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11
Q

who modeled their studies off of Darwin and described a similar mechanism of evolution

A

alfred russel wallace

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12
Q

which scientist stated that an increase in the human population is limited by the availability of sustenance
only those who could adapt to society’s needs for useful work would be successful and reproduce

A

thomas malthus

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13
Q

who said that the earth was millions of years old

darwin’s mentor

A

lyell

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14
Q

when was evoltuion widely accepted

A

1930s

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15
Q

an explanation that can be used to make predictions about natural phenomena

A

theory

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16
Q

who was one of the founders of evolutionary biology

A

theodosius dobzhansky

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17
Q

who first proposed that populations change over time

A

georges buffon

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18
Q

define macroevolution

where is it seen

A

changes in phenotype that occur over long periods of time

between species or fossils

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19
Q

define microevolution

A

change in phenotype over a short period of time and normally happens within our lifetime

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20
Q

how do you study macroevolution?

micro?

A

fossils and phylogeny reconstruction

present day processes leading to genetic change, look at genetic data

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21
Q

which evolution provides and easier way to see changes

A

macro

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22
Q

what topics does macroevolution focus on

A

common ancestry
vestigial structures
fossils

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23
Q

what allows us to document earth’s timeline

A

fossils

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24
Q

why are there gaps in the fossil record (3)

is this evidence against evolution

A

few org fossilize
most fossils destroyed
most aren’t found
No, bc gaps are expected

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25
the tree of life is a ____ of evolution
product
26
define artiodactyla
even-toed hooved mammals
27
what animals fall under cetacea
whales and dolphins
28
reduced or incompletely developed structure in an organism with reduced or no function
vestigial structure
29
what is the problem with looking at vestigial structures in fossils
we do not know their function or if they were actually used
30
what are the three types of vestigial traits
physical structures developmental structures molecular traits
31
define vestigial developmental structures
only present during developmental stages
32
accidental retainment of a structure from development to adulthood
avatism
33
molecular vestigial structures are known as _____ because the gene exist in the genome but has undergone a base pair change making it non-functional
pseudogene
34
trait shared due to common ancestry
homology
35
what are the two types of homology
physical structures and molecular
36
single species in which we can see changes in a population over time such that they can't interbreed
ring species
37
modifies allele frequencies by introducing new alleles
mutation
38
increases the freq of alleles that contribute to reproductive success in a particular environ
natural selection
39
random fluctuations in allele freq (could be gain or loss)
genetic drift
40
individuals leave one population, join another, & breed which equalizes allele freq
gene flow
41
what are the 4 requirements for natural selection
traits vary some of the traits are heritable differences in survival or reproduction indiv with heritable traits survive and reproduce more (have a greater fitness)
42
what is the currency of natural selection
fitness
43
trait evolved by natural selection w/ functional role & increases fitness
adaptation
44
natural selection is completely _____ and non _____
mechanical; random
45
natural selection only includes survival until ______ and it acts on an _______ with the change manifesting itself within the ______
reproduction individual population
46
does natural selection work on genotype or phenotype
phenotype
47
different alleles coding for similar traits in separate evolutionary lineages
convergent evolution
48
type of selection that favors one extreme phenotype
directional selection
49
is directional selection linear or nonlinear
linear
50
selection in which the extremes are favored and the intermediate phenotype has low fitness
disruptive selection
51
is disruptive selection linear or nonlinear
nonlinear, it's quadratic
52
selection in which the intermediate phenotype is favored and the extremes are selected against
stabilizing selection
53
is stabilizing selection linear or nonlinear
nonlinear
54
which mechanisms of selection have a change in variance
disruptive and stabilizing
55
what are the 3 main types of genetic drift
random sampling reproduction in small populations bottleneck effect founder event
56
drastic reduction in a population
bottleneck effect
57
few indiv start a new pop w/ a diff allele freq than the original pop
founder effect
58
is there genetic drift in larger populations
no or very very little that takes a lot longer
59
under genetic drift, probability of an allele's ______ is equal to starting allele frequency
fixation
60
in general genetic drift ______ genetic variation
decreases
61
the northern sea elephant went through what type of genetic drift due to severe overhunting
bottleneck effect
62
what three main mechanism of evolution can be found on islands
genetic drift gene flow natural selection
63
four sources of mutation
replication errors dna damage unequal recombination and arrangement transposable elements
64
most mutations have a _____ effect and if the effects are _____ they're usually deleterious
small | large
65
mutations have an ______ likelihood of being beneficial or deleterious
equal
66
group of taxa that share a common ancestor
monophyly
67
unique trait shared by taxa due to common ancestry
synapomorphy
68
homoplasy should be ___ common than homologous traits
less
69
trait found in closely related taxa but also in others with a shared ancestor who had the trait
sympleisomorphy

Evolution (3 decks)

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