What three domains of life include microorganisms?
Bacteria
Eukaryote
Archaea
What did the Miller-Urey experiment demonstrate?
macromolecules could be formed from early earth like conditions
Which experiment was an attempt at stimulating early each conditions in order to test ideas about the origin of life?
Miller-Urey
What gases were used in the Miller-Urey experiment?
methane, ammonia, and hydrogen
What 4 pieces of evidence supports the Endosymbiotic Theory of Eukaryotic Evolution?
- mitochondria have a double membrane
- Mitochondrial DNA is circular and replicates independent of the nuclear genome
- Mitochondria contain their own ribosomes
- Mitochondria are similar in size to prokaryotic cells
Which of the following scientists did not help to discredit the theory of Spontaneous Generation?
Carl Woese
Bacteria with circular cells
Cocci
Cocci in pairs
diplococci
Bacteria organized in long circular chains
Streptococci
Bacteria organized in grape-like clusters
Staphylococci
bacterial cells grouped in fours, square like structure
tetrads
Bacteria with rod shaped cells
Bacilli
Bacterial cells in long chains of rods
Streptobacillus
bacterial cells in short rod chains
Coccobacilli
Curved bacteria
vibrios
bacteria with a spiral shape; has an internal flagella
spirochetes
bacteria that looks like mold
mycelium
bacteria with many different shapes
pleomorphic
Extreme thermophiles live at very high temperatures. Which membrane composition would they likely have?
membrane composed of short saturated fatty acid tails
Hopanoids are similar to what component of eukaryotic membranes?
Cholesterol
ABC Transporters use _____ as an energy source
ATP hydrolysis
Where are the ATP binding cassette located in ABC transporters?
the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane
ABC transporters can be used to:
pump substances (such as antibiotics) out of the cell against their concentration gradient
ABC transporters are found in __________ domains of life
all three
Phosphotransferase group translocation system does NOT use __________
ATP hydrolysis
all bacterial cell walls contain: (4)
- N-acetylglucosamine
- N-acetylmuramic acid
- amino acids
- peptide cross-links
Only Gram-______ bacterias cell walls contain Lipopolysaccharide
negative
Gram negative bacteria contain _______ & _______ which are not present in Gram Positive
outer membrane
lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
Gram _____ bacteria have a small periplasmic space while Gram ______ bacteria have a large periplasmic space
- positive
- negative
Lipopolysaccharides are found on the ___________ in Gram-negative cells
outer leaflet of the outer membrane
a bacteria lacking a capsule would likely be _____
quickly phagocytize by an immune cell
S layers are composed of _______
symmetrical protein subunits
If you wished to isolate spores from a bacterial culture, which phase of growth would you be able to isolate the most spores from?
Late stationary phase
Most bacteria divide by a mechanism called:
binary fission
Growing bacteria have mechanisms to partition chromosomes between the ______ and _____ cells
mother and daughter
The rate of bacterial growth is different between:
different bacterial species
The cell cycle of bacteria includes:
period of growth
chromosome replication and partitioning
cytokinesis
during this phase of growth, there is an exponential decrease in cell numbers
death phase
During this phase of growth, endospores are beginning to form due to the lack of nutrients available in a batch culture
Stationary phase
Helicobacter pylori causes stomach ulcers. It would likely be classified as:
Mesophile and acidophils
A thioglycolate tube with bacteria evenly spread throughout the tube has likely been inoculated with an:
Aerotolerant anaerobe
medium where different bacteria utilize nutrients (such as lactose) in different ways
differential medium
medium that favors the growth of some microbes and inhibits the growth of others
Selective medium
medium that contains nutrients from partial digestion of yeast or proteins
complex medium
medium often contains supplemental ingredients such s lysed red blood cells
enriched medium
You are working in a lab and need to sterilize a heat sensitive liquid. Which mechanism of sterilization would be most effective at removing bacteria?
filtration of the liquid
autoclaving a scalpel for use in a surgery is an example of:
sterilization
Gerhard Domagk is known for: (3)
- discovering sulfa drugs
- using living systems to test antibiotics
- showing metabolism could alter a drug’s effectiveness
Gerhard Domagk felt a drugs role was to:
interact with the immune system to help fight the pathogen
Paul Erlich has a library of organoarsenic compounds to fight against the syphilis causing pathogen Treponema palladium. He described his cure as a “magic bullet”. What was he eluding to?
the selective toxicity of his compound against Treponema palladium rather than the host tissue
PBPS bind to:
penicillin
Penicillin targets:
cell walls
Vanocomycin targets:
cell wall synthesis
Tetracycline targets:
protein synthesis
Rifamycin targets:
RNA synthesis
minimum amount of an antimicrobial drug that kills a pathogen is referred to as the:
MLC
minimum amount of an antimicrobial drug that inhibit growth of a pathogen is referred to as the:
MIC
Identify and explain two things that you can do to help with the antibiotic resistance epidemic
- Vaccinate: provides the body an immune defense against harmful illnesses, decreasing the use of antibiotics by decreasing the need for them
- Follow direction on antibiotics: following the directions decreases the chance of disease to mutate and become resistant
Koch’s Postulates: (4)
Microbes is always present in diseased host- absent in health
Microbe is grown in pure culture (isolated in lab)- no other microbes present
Pure microbe is introduced into healthy host- individuals will become sick when introduced to same disease
Same microbe is re-isolated from now-sick individual
problems with Koch’s Postulates (3)
Pathogen can be isolated from diseased animal but not healthy animal; we now know that some people can be healthy carriers
Grow culture in a lab; some can not
Take isolated cultured pathogen and infect a healthy animal; very unethical
Thioglycolate media only present in oxic zone: very top of the tube
obligated aerobe
thioglycolate media only present right bellow the oxic zone
microarerophile
thioglucolate media present throughout the tube, with accumulation at the top
facultative anaerobe
thioglucolate media most present at the bottom of tube
strict anaerobe
bacteria that grows at the temperature of the human body
mesophiles