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Flashcards in Exam 1 Deck (65)
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1
Q

What three domains of life include microorganisms?

A

Bacteria
Eukaryote
Archaea

2
Q

What did the Miller-Urey experiment demonstrate?

A

macromolecules could be formed from early earth like conditions

3
Q

Which experiment was an attempt at stimulating early each conditions in order to test ideas about the origin of life?

A

Miller-Urey

4
Q

What gases were used in the Miller-Urey experiment?

A

methane, ammonia, and hydrogen

5
Q

What 4 pieces of evidence supports the Endosymbiotic Theory of Eukaryotic Evolution?

A
  • mitochondria have a double membrane
  • Mitochondrial DNA is circular and replicates independent of the nuclear genome
  • Mitochondria contain their own ribosomes
  • Mitochondria are similar in size to prokaryotic cells
6
Q

Which of the following scientists did not help to discredit the theory of Spontaneous Generation?

A

Carl Woese

7
Q

Bacteria with circular cells

A

Cocci

8
Q

Cocci in pairs

A

diplococci

9
Q

Bacteria organized in long circular chains

A

Streptococci

10
Q

Bacteria organized in grape-like clusters

A

Staphylococci

11
Q

bacterial cells grouped in fours, square like structure

A

tetrads

12
Q

Bacteria with rod shaped cells

A

Bacilli

13
Q

Bacterial cells in long chains of rods

A

Streptobacillus

14
Q

bacterial cells in short rod chains

A

Coccobacilli

15
Q

Curved bacteria

A

vibrios

16
Q

bacteria with a spiral shape; has an internal flagella

A

spirochetes

17
Q

bacteria that looks like mold

A

mycelium

18
Q

bacteria with many different shapes

A

pleomorphic

19
Q

Extreme thermophiles live at very high temperatures. Which membrane composition would they likely have?

A

membrane composed of short saturated fatty acid tails

20
Q

Hopanoids are similar to what component of eukaryotic membranes?

A

Cholesterol

21
Q

ABC Transporters use _____ as an energy source

A

ATP hydrolysis

22
Q

Where are the ATP binding cassette located in ABC transporters?

A

the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane

23
Q

ABC transporters can be used to:

A

pump substances (such as antibiotics) out of the cell against their concentration gradient

24
Q

ABC transporters are found in __________ domains of life

A

all three

25
Q

Phosphotransferase group translocation system does NOT use __________

A

ATP hydrolysis

26
Q

all bacterial cell walls contain: (4)

A
  • N-acetylglucosamine
  • N-acetylmuramic acid
  • amino acids
  • peptide cross-links
27
Q

Only Gram-______ bacterias cell walls contain Lipopolysaccharide

A

negative

28
Q

Gram negative bacteria contain _______ & _______ which are not present in Gram Positive

A

outer membrane

lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

29
Q

Gram _____ bacteria have a small periplasmic space while Gram ______ bacteria have a large periplasmic space

A
  • positive

- negative

30
Q

Lipopolysaccharides are found on the ___________ in Gram-negative cells

A

outer leaflet of the outer membrane

31
Q

a bacteria lacking a capsule would likely be _____

A

quickly phagocytize by an immune cell

32
Q

S layers are composed of _______

A

symmetrical protein subunits

33
Q

If you wished to isolate spores from a bacterial culture, which phase of growth would you be able to isolate the most spores from?

A

Late stationary phase

34
Q

Most bacteria divide by a mechanism called:

A

binary fission

35
Q

Growing bacteria have mechanisms to partition chromosomes between the ______ and _____ cells

A

mother and daughter

36
Q

The rate of bacterial growth is different between:

A

different bacterial species

37
Q

The cell cycle of bacteria includes:

A

period of growth
chromosome replication and partitioning
cytokinesis

38
Q

during this phase of growth, there is an exponential decrease in cell numbers

A

death phase

39
Q

During this phase of growth, endospores are beginning to form due to the lack of nutrients available in a batch culture

A

Stationary phase

40
Q

Helicobacter pylori causes stomach ulcers. It would likely be classified as:

A

Mesophile and acidophils

41
Q

A thioglycolate tube with bacteria evenly spread throughout the tube has likely been inoculated with an:

A

Aerotolerant anaerobe

42
Q

medium where different bacteria utilize nutrients (such as lactose) in different ways

A

differential medium

43
Q

medium that favors the growth of some microbes and inhibits the growth of others

A

Selective medium

44
Q

medium that contains nutrients from partial digestion of yeast or proteins

A

complex medium

45
Q

medium often contains supplemental ingredients such s lysed red blood cells

A

enriched medium

46
Q

You are working in a lab and need to sterilize a heat sensitive liquid. Which mechanism of sterilization would be most effective at removing bacteria?

A

filtration of the liquid

47
Q

autoclaving a scalpel for use in a surgery is an example of:

A

sterilization

48
Q

Gerhard Domagk is known for: (3)

A
  • discovering sulfa drugs
  • using living systems to test antibiotics
  • showing metabolism could alter a drug’s effectiveness
49
Q

Gerhard Domagk felt a drugs role was to:

A

interact with the immune system to help fight the pathogen

50
Q

Paul Erlich has a library of organoarsenic compounds to fight against the syphilis causing pathogen Treponema palladium. He described his cure as a “magic bullet”. What was he eluding to?

A

the selective toxicity of his compound against Treponema palladium rather than the host tissue

51
Q

PBPS bind to:

A

penicillin

52
Q

Penicillin targets:

A

cell walls

53
Q

Vanocomycin targets:

A

cell wall synthesis

54
Q

Tetracycline targets:

A

protein synthesis

55
Q

Rifamycin targets:

A

RNA synthesis

56
Q

minimum amount of an antimicrobial drug that kills a pathogen is referred to as the:

A

MLC

57
Q

minimum amount of an antimicrobial drug that inhibit growth of a pathogen is referred to as the:

A

MIC

58
Q

Identify and explain two things that you can do to help with the antibiotic resistance epidemic

A
  • Vaccinate: provides the body an immune defense against harmful illnesses, decreasing the use of antibiotics by decreasing the need for them
  • Follow direction on antibiotics: following the directions decreases the chance of disease to mutate and become resistant
59
Q

Koch’s Postulates: (4)

A

Microbes is always present in diseased host- absent in health
Microbe is grown in pure culture (isolated in lab)- no other microbes present
Pure microbe is introduced into healthy host- individuals will become sick when introduced to same disease
Same microbe is re-isolated from now-sick individual

60
Q

problems with Koch’s Postulates (3)

A

Pathogen can be isolated from diseased animal but not healthy animal; we now know that some people can be healthy carriers
Grow culture in a lab; some can not
Take isolated cultured pathogen and infect a healthy animal; very unethical

61
Q

Thioglycolate media only present in oxic zone: very top of the tube

A

obligated aerobe

62
Q

thioglycolate media only present right bellow the oxic zone

A

microarerophile

63
Q

thioglucolate media present throughout the tube, with accumulation at the top

A

facultative anaerobe

64
Q

thioglucolate media most present at the bottom of tube

A

strict anaerobe

65
Q

bacteria that grows at the temperature of the human body

A

mesophiles