The basic property of all music
Sound
HIP (human intention and perception approach) emphasizes,
inclusiveness over exclusiveness, and that is music is inseparable from the people who make it and experience it
the term “music”
is inescapably ethnocentric to some degree and is inescapably tied to Western culture and its assumptions
Qur’anic recitation:
is not music from orthodox Muslim perspectives, but does exhibit qualities (e.g., melodic, rhythmic) that make it sound musical to non-Muslims
The best way to figure out if something is or is not music is to:
determine whether there are people who intended it to be music or who perceive it as music
a group of persons regarded as forming a single community of related interdependent individuals
society
when royal churches support musicians or musical institutions
patraonage
people who share a sense of homeland but do not have any political autonomy over that homeland
nation-state
special events during which individuals or communities enact their core beliefs, values, and ideals through performance
rituals
a people defined by shared identification with a “homeland” where they themselves do not reside
diaspora
Ehtnomusicologists are interested in understanding music as:
a musicultural phenomenon
the process by which music moves from one person or community to another
transmission
to compose in the moment of performance
improvisation
planning the design of a musical work prior to its performance
composititon
The complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society
culture
draws on musicology, anthropology, and other disciplines in order to study the worlds musics
ehthnomusicology
rhythm is closely related to
duration
the underlying pulse of music
beat
defined by the number of beats per measure
meter
when meters are longer and more complex, we use the term:
metric cycle
the rate at which beats pass in music
tempo
When music is nonmetric it is called:
free rhythym
The process of creative transformation whose most remarkable feature is the continuity it nurtures and sustains
tradition
the ways in which people think about and represent themselves and one another through music
identity
pitch
the highness and lowness of musical tones, related to frequency
soundwaves
vibrations that result in musical sound
melodic range
the distance in pitch from the lowest to the highest note
melodic direction
the upward/downward movement of the melody as it progresses
melodic contour
overall shape of the melody
chromatic scale
all 12 pitches in order
determinate pitch
instruments that can be identified with pitch names
ex: violin, piano, trumpet, flute, xylophone
indeterminate pitch
instruments that have no clear pitch
ex: cymbals, triangles, drums
uses 4 original (now 5) categories to classify instruments
Hornbostel-Sachs system (1914)
String is producing the sound, vibrating over a resonating chamber
ex: Violin, sitar
Chordophones
produces sound by air passing through some kind of resonator
ex: flutes, organs, human voice
Aerophones
where vibration of membrane stretched across a frame resonator produces the sound
ex: drums, kazoo
Membranophones
instruments where the vibration of the body produces the sound
ex: maracas, thumb piano, glass armonica (ben franklin thing)
Idiophones
pure electronic instruments, must be categorized as sound generators and sound modifiers
ex: synthesizer
Hybrids: electric guitars, etc
electronophones
texture
describes the kinds of relationships that emerge and evolve between characters
form
the element of music that pertains to large scale dimensions of music organizations
single line texture
the simplest, aka monophonic textures. One layer. Multiple people could be playing but it would have to be the same pitches and rhythms one sound
polyphonic texture
two or more distinct parts
drone
accompanying a melody is a common and simple type of polyphonic texture
harmonized texture
when notes of different pitches occur together to form chords or harmonies
multiple melody texture
occurs in polyphonic music that features two or more essentially separate melodic lines being performed simultaneously
polyrythym
several layers, different rhythms (no melodies involved), often just percussion instruments
when musical melodies and rhythmic lines are stacked upon each other, a single melody may be divided by two or more instruments
interlocking parts
how music is laid out from beginning to end, how the music unfolds and develops as it progresses
form
when there is no repetition and the music has a lack of distinction
through composed
element of repetiton
hook
when the repetition slightly changes
varied repetition
a short figure repeated multiple times. the smallest form of organization for music
ostinato
similar to ostinato, but the repeated cycle is longer than an ostinato
cyclic form