Neural Response- _________ transmitters cause depolarization - _________ becomes more positive - Increases the likelihood of an _________-

- Excitatory (+) - Neuron - action potential

Exam 1 - Chapter 2 Flashcards by Ryan Clark

_________ : the study of the physiological bases of cognition

Cognitive neuroscience

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Cognitive neuroscience: the study of the _________ bases of cognition

physiological

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Cognitive Neuroscience: _________ the physiological basis of cognition

Understanding

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_________ —all problems can be studied a number of different ways; each approach offers it own unique identification

Marr’s levels of analysis

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Marr’s levels of analysis—all problems can be studied a number of different ways; each approach offers it own unique _________

identification

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If a particular _________ is reached in the cell body, an electrical signal is transmitted down the _________

threshold

- axon

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Action Potentials & Measurement

We can measure this electrical signal in a single _________

neuron

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-Properties of the Electrical Signal-

Same voltage along the axon (signal does NOT _________ )

degrade

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-Properties of the Electrical Signal-

Signal is always the _________ , regardless of intensity

same size

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-Properties of the Electrical Signal-

Signal is always the same size, regardless of intensity

However, the neuron fires more frequently for _________ signals

intense

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-Properties of the Electrical Signal-

Signal is always the same size, regardless of intensity

-Not the degree of size to which they fire, but how _________ they fire increases

often

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_________ -: small gap between neurons

Synapse

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_________ : chemicals sent across the synaptic gap

Neurotransmitters

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Neural Response-

Excitatory (+) transmitters cause _________

depolarization

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Neural Response-

Excitatory (+) transmitters cause depolarization

Neuron becomes more _________
_________ the likelihood of an action potential

positive

- Increases

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Neural Response-

_________ transmitters cause depolarization

_________ becomes more positive
Increases the likelihood of an _________-

Excitatory (+)
Neuron
action potential

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Neural Response-

Inhibitory (-) transmitters cause _________

hyperpolarization

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Neural Response-

Inhibitory (-) transmitters cause hyperpolarization

Neuron becomes more _________
_________ the likelihood of an action potential

negative

- Decreases

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Neural Response-

_________ transmitters cause hyperpolarization

Neuron becomes more negative
Decreases the _________ of an action potential

Inhibitory (-)

- likelihood

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-Principle of Neural Representation-

Representation of the ‘real world’

We do not perceive the world _________, instead the outside world needs to be transformed (transduced) to a signal that can be used by the _________

directly

- brain

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-Principle of Neural Representation-

Representation of the ‘real world’

We do not perceive the world directly, instead the _________ world needs to be transformed (_________) to a signal that can be used by the brain

outside

- transduced

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-Principle of Neural Representation-

_________ – taking energy from one energy for to another energy form

Transduction

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-Principle of Neural Representation-

Transduction– taking energy from one energy for to another _________

energy form

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-Principle of Neural Representation-

Rods and cones are turning the light coming in, into an _________ signal coming into the brain

electrical

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-Single Neuron Representation - _________: neurons that respond to specific stimulus features (e.g., orientation, movement, length)

Feature detectors

-Single Neuron Representation - Feature detectors: neurons that respond to specific _________ features (e.g., _________, movement, length)

- stimulus | - orientation

-Single Neuron Representation - Feature detectors- _________ : respond to size, orientation, movement direction

Simple detectors

-Single Neuron Representation - Feature detectors- _________ : respond to more complex shapes

Complex detectors

-Single Neuron Representation - Feature detectors- Simple detectors: respond to size, _________, movement _________

- orientation | - direction

-Single Neuron Representation - Feature detectors- Complex detectors: respond to more _________ shapes

complex

_________ detectors - detect information about our environment such as size, orientation, movement direction (essential elements)

-Simple

Simple detectors - detect simple information about our environment such as size, orientation, movement direction (_________ elements)

essential

_________ detectors – look at combinations of things ex; length and width

Complex

Complex detectors – look at combinations of things ex; _________

length and width

_________  - Specificity coding—a neuron only fires for a specific stimuli (e.g., Dr. H cell)

-Multiple Neuron Representation

-Multiple Neuron Representation - _________ —a neuron only fires for a specific stimuli (e.g., Dr. H cell)

Specificity coding

-Multiple Neuron Representation - Specificity coding—a neuron only fires for a _________ stimuli (e.g., Dr. H cell)

specific

-Multiple Neuron Representation - _________ - “Grandmother Cell” Hypothesis”

Specificity coding

_________ – One individual cell for each thing, person, place

Specificity coding

Specificity coding – One individual cell for each _________, person, _________

- thing | - place

Problems with Specificity coding : - Would need tons of _________ to categorize all things we know - If a cell dies, that thing related to that cell would _________

- cells | - disappear

Problems with Specificity coding : - Would need tons of cells to _________ all things we know - If a cell _________ , that thing related to that cell would disappear

- categorize | - dies

_________—pattern of firing across many neurons codes specific objects (e.g., Dr. H pattern)

Population coding

Population coding—pattern of firing across _________ neurons codes specific _________ (e.g., Dr. H pattern)

- many | - objects

_________ - Particular pattern of cells or neural firing for each person/thing we see

Population coding

Population coding - Particular pattern of cells or neural firing for each _________ we see

person/thing

_________ —similar to population coding, except only a few cells are responding

Sparse coding

Sparse coding—similar to population coding, except only a _________ cells are responding

few

_________ - | ‘Middle ground’ between specificity & population coding

Sparse coding

Sparse coding – Mix between specificity and population coding – Not just one cell, not a ton of cells, but a few cells with _________ particular cell always firing along with a few others for a _________ thing

- one | - specific

_________- | Controls basic life functions (e.g., heartbeat, breathing), posture, balance

Hindbrain

Hindbrain - | Controls basic life functions (e.g., _________ , breathing), _________, balance

- heartbeat | - posture

_________ —previously thought to just control movement, but were finding that it also plays a role in cognition

Cerebellum

Cerebellum—previously thought to just control movement, but were finding that it also plays a role in _________

cognition

_________- Controls fine motor movement, sensory message relay, pain

Midbrain

Midbrain- Controls fine motor movement, _________ , pain

sensory message relay

_________- Cortex deals with the ‘complicated stuff’—deep cognitive processes

Forebrain

Forebrain - Cortex deals with the ‘complicated stuff’—deep _________ processes

cognitive

_________ : Basal ganglia – initiate movement, making movement smooth Thalamus – Sensory relay center

Midbrain

Midbrain: _________ – initiate movement, making movement smooth Thalamus – Sensory relay center

Basal ganglia

Midbrain: Basal ganglia – initiate movement, making movement smooth _________ – Sensory relay center

Thalamus

_________ : | Frontal lobes, Cortex

Forebrain

Hemispheres connected by the _________

corpus callosum

Left hemisphere controls _________ body side and vice-versa

right

_________ : the study of behavior with brain damage

Neuropsychology

_________ : specific cognitive functions served by specific brain areas

Localization of function

Localization of function: specific cognitive functions served by specific _________

brain areas

_________ : area responsible for producing language (‘telegraphic speech’)

Broca’s area

Broca’s area: area responsible for _________ language (‘telegraphic speech’)

producing

_________ : area responsible for comprehending language (‘word salad’)

Wernicke’s area

Wernicke’s area: area responsible for _________ language (‘word salad’)

comprehending

_________ – emotion regulation / related to anger

-Amygdala

-HM – removed _________ – couldn't form new memories – anterograde amnesia

amygdala

-HM – removed amygdala – couldn't form new memories – _________ amnesia

anterograde

_________ – assumes that any given behavior is localized into one area of the brain – the idea that one area of the brain is responsible for one specific function

-Localization of function

-Localization of function – assumes that any given behavior is localized into one area of the brain – the idea that one area of the brain is responsible for _________ function

one specific

_________ – simple direct speech to get message across in the simplest way

Telegraphic speech

Broca’s area: area responsible for producing language (‘_________ ’)

telegraphic speech

Wernicke’s area: area responsible for comprehending language (‘_________ ’)

word salad

Double-dissociations are the ‘_________ ’ in neuropsychology

gold standard

Researchers want to show that one brain area is solely (_________ ) responsible for a single _________

- independently | - function

_________ : damage to brain Area 1 results in Function A being disrupted, but Function B is intact.

Single-dissociation

Single-dissociation: damage to brain Area 1 results in Function A being _________, but Function B is _________ .

- disrupted | - intact

_________ : need to find that damage to Area 2 leaves Function A intact, but Function B is disrupted.

Double-dissociation

Double-dissociation: need to find that damage to Area 2 leaves Function A _________, but Function B is _________ .

- intact | - disrupted

_________ – is a way to double check specific areas responsible for specific behaviors by looking at two different areas rather than just one

Double-dissociation

Double-dissociation – is a way to double check specific areas responsible for specific behaviors by looking at _________ different areas rather than _________

- two | - just one

Brocas and Wernickes - good examples of _________

double dissociation

Brain Imaging- - Person lays in a scanner and multiple images (_________ ) are taken from the brain - These slices are ordered by for a _________ brain image

- slices | - 3-D

_________ - High-resolution, structural images of the brain

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) - High-resolution, _________ images of the brain

structural

_________ - | Measures the reaction of hydrogen atoms after being activated by a magnet

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) -

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) - Measures the reaction of _________ atoms after being activated by a _________

- hydrogen | - magnet

_________ - Provides functional images of brain activity

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

_________ - A radio-labeled tracer is administered prior to the scan

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

_________ - Scan represents levels of radioactivity in various parts of a horizontal brain slice

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)- Scan represents levels of radioactivity in various parts of a _________ brain slice

horizontal

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)- ‘Hot’ colors represent _________ brain activity

high

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)- ‘Cool’ colors represent_________ brain activity

decreased

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) = _________ image

Functional

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) = | -Uses radioactive substance that is injected into _________

blood

_________ - Provides images of brain structure & function

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging  (fMRI)

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging  (fMRI) - Provides images of brain _________

structure & function

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging  (fMRI) - Like MRI, it uses a strong _________ field

magnetic

_________ - Measures an increase in oxygen flow to active brain areas

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging  (fMRI)

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging  (fMRI) - Measures an increase in oxygen flow to _________ brain areas

active

_________ - BOLD (blood oxygen level dependent ) signal

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging  (fMRI)

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging  (fMRI) - BOLD (blood _________ level _________ ) signal

- oxygen | - dependent

_________ – structural part is byproduct (not structural, purely functional)

Functional measure

Functional measure – structural part is _________ (not structural, purely _________)

- byproduct | - functional

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging  (fMRI) - -measuring _________ blood

oxygenated

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging  (fMRI) - Benefits: - No _________ - Structure & function - Better _________ resolution than PET - Can be used to image the _________ brain

- injections - spatial - whole

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging  (fMRI) - Cons: - Poor _________ resolution - Not _________ activity

- temporal | - neural

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging  (fMRI) - _________ = response of the blood going to the area being used

Hemodynamic response

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging  (fMRI) - Hemodynamic response - ___ Second delay in brain _________

- 8 | - activation

fMRI – measuring _________ rather than neural activity

byproduct

_________- Measures how water moves through bundles of axons (white matter)

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)- Measures how water moves through _________ of axons (_________)

- bundles | - white matter

_________ - NOT a measure of neural activity, but rather a tool to alter neural activity

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)- NOT a measure of neural activity, but rather a tool to _________ neural activity

alter

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)- Applies a brief, strong _________ field that alters neural activity.

magnetic

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)- - Can either activate or “deactivate” brain _________ - Observe changes in _________

- structures | - behavior

_________ - - Can either activate or “deactivate” brain structures - Observe changes in behavior

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

_________ - Limited to cortical regions of the brain

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)- Limited to _________ regions of the brain

cortical

_________ processing: steps of a task carried out one at a time

Serial

Serial processing: steps of a task carried out _________

one at a time

_________ processing: many different steps of a task going on at the same time (multi-tasking)

Parallel

Parallel processing: many different steps of a task going on at _________

the same time (multi-tasking)

_________ : groups of neurons or brain structures that are connected together

Neural network