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Pharmacology > Exam 1: Chapter 2 Part 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1: Chapter 2 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

It is (easy/difficult) to predict how much will be absorbed via orally administered drugs

A

difficult

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2
Q

_______ ____ is used occasionally in chemotherapy to deliver anti-cancer drugs directly to a tumor to maximize drug concentration with minimal exposure to healthy tissues

A

intra-arterial injection

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3
Q

Intrathecal injection administration is the injection of medicine almost always within the spinal ______ space.

A

subarachnoid

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4
Q

How long does it take for sublingual drugs to be absorbed and have effects

A

5-10 minutes

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5
Q

What is the bioavailability of a drug administered through an IV

A

100%

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6
Q

Analgesics and sedatives-hypnotics are taken _____.

A

orally

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7
Q

_______ ____ is used to introduce insulin into the body

A

subcutaneous injection

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8
Q

What are the two physical properties of transdermal drugs

A
  1. Must penetrate the skin

2. Must not be degraded by metabolizing enzymes within the dermis

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9
Q

Which route of administration can be difficult and dangerous but is used to deliver a large dose to focus a drug or radiopaque dye into certain tissues or to a specific organ

A

Intra-arterial injection

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10
Q

Why is nitroglycerin a sublingual drug instead of being taken orally

A

it would be destroyed in the liver

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11
Q

What does it mean is a drug is sequestered in tissue that is not the target tissue

A

The drug is stored in other tissues other than the target which could be harmful most of the time

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12
Q

Antibiotic ointments and creams used to treat minor skin irritations are _____ drugs

A

topical

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13
Q

True or False:

Most topical medications have good-excellent absorption and are used primarily to treat the localized tissue

A

False, they are fair to poor

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14
Q

_____ _____ is like active and passive transport because a carrier protein in needed but no net energy is expended to get polarized molecules through the membrane

A

facilitated diffusion

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15
Q

What are 4 examples of parenteral routes of administration

A

Inhalation
Injection
Topical
Transdermal

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16
Q

What are the two forms of transdermal administration of medication in the outpatient rehab setting

A

iontophoresis and phonophoresis

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17
Q

What are the subtypes of injection-parenteral routes of administration

A 
IV
intra-arterial
subcutaneous
intramuscular
intrathecal
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18
Q

General anesthetics and anti-asthmatic drugs are ____ into the body

A

inhaled

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19
Q

Insulin, antibiotics, anticancer drugs, and narcotic analgesics are drugs taken through _____

A

injection

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20
Q

List the advantages and disadvantages of drugs that are injected into the body

A

A: provides more direct administration to target tissues, rapid onset
D: Chance of infection if sterility is not maintained

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21
Q

______ administration are drugs applied to the skin or mucous membranes

A

topical

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22
Q

(active/passive) transport means no energy is expended

A

passive

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23
Q

Where might heavy metals or lead be sequestered in

A

bone

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24
Q

What is the most common administration route

A

oral

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25
Are drugs administered rectally subjected to the first pass effect
yes if it is pushed into upper rectum
26
What are 3 examples of enteral routes of administration
oral sublingual and buccal rectal
27
Rectal drugs are usually administered via a _____
suppository
28
What term is described as the extent to which a drug reaches the circulatory system
bioavailability
29
Which new drug delivery technique can be described as a drug reservoir that is surgically implanted and it programmed to deliver a measured dose periodically
implanted system
30
List the advantages and disadvantages of topical drugs
A: local effects on surface of skin D: only effective if treating outer layers of skin
31
List the advantages and disadvantages of inhalation drugs
A: rapid onset, direct application for respiratory disorders, large surface area for systemic absorption D: chance of tissue irritation, patient compliance
32
what is a disadvantage of intramuscular injections
local pain and prolonged soreness
33
non-lipid drugs are absorbed (good/poorly) in the alimentary canal and will be lost in feces
poorly
34
Nitroglycerin is a drug that is administered _____
sublingually
35
List the advantages and disadvantages of drugs taken orally
A: easy, safe and convenient D: Limited absorption of some drugs, chance of first-pass inactivation in liver
36
Which new drug delivery technique can manufacture antibodies that attract antigens on cancer cell membranes or modify a virus to insert a drug into host tissues
targeting drug delivery
37
(enteral/parental) administration is a drug entering through non-alimentary routes
parenteral
38
Are drugs that are administered via inhalation subject to the first pass effect
No because it diffuses across membranes and into pulmonary circulation then into systemic circulation
39
Are sublingual and buccal drugs subjected to first pass effect?
no because it goes directly into the venous system through the oral mucosa
40
List 4 places where drugs could be sequestered
adipose tissue bone muscle organs
41
Give an example of a transdermal patch administration
nicotine patch
42
(active/passive) transport requires energy to move uphill against a gradient
active
43
True or False: Nasal administration is considered a topical drug
true
44
Transdermal drugs penetrate the dermis (better/worse) if they are in a lipid form or mixed with a lipid
better
45
What type of administration route occurs when the drug is placed under the tongue
sublingual
46
List the advantages and disadvantages of drugs taken rectally
A: alternative to oral route, local effect on rectal tissues D: poor or incomplete absorption, chance of rectal irritation
47
Transdermal means (on/through) the skin
through
48
What are the two types of routes of administration
enteral and parenteral
49
(nonlipid/lipid) drugs are absorbed very poorly in the alimentary canal and will be lost in _____
non lipid; feces
50
Drugs that are bound to blood proteins or intra-cellular components (are/are not) able to be used freely
are not
51
Which route of administration is injected just beneath the skin to cause a localized effect such as lidocaine
subcutaneous injection
52
An inhaler is also called an ____ device
MDI - Meter dose inhaler
53
To become bioavailable, all drugs except IV must cross ____ ___ to get to the blood stream
cell membrane
54
When is rectal administration of drugs used
when a patient is unconscious or vomiting is preventing the use of oral drugs
55
Intrathecal injection allow drugs to by-pass the ____ _____ ______ and still reach the CNS
blood brain barrier
56
Transdermal drugs penetrate the dermis better if they are in a (lipid/non-lipid) form
lipid
57
What term describes how the drug enters the body
drug administration
58
List the advantages and disadvantages of transdermal drugs
A: introduces drug into body without breaking the skin, can be steady and prolonged delivery via patch D: drug must be able to pass through dermal layers intact
59
Which route of administration is delivered directly into a vein and allows and accurate known quantity to be delivered quickly via bloodstream
intravenous injection
60
Nitroglycerin is a drug that is taken ____
rectally
61
True or False: Obesity results in quicker drug clearance or half-life time for fat soluble drugs
False, it takes longer
62
List the advantages and disadvantages of sublingual/buccal drugs
A: rapid onset, not subject to first pass effect D: must be easily absorbed by mucosa
63
An ointment used to treat hemorrhoids is administered via (topical/rectal)
partly topical and partly mucosa absorption
64
An implanted system may connected to a body compartment by a _____ or it may be a ______ get that gradually dissolves and releases the drug
cannula; biodegradable
65
True or False: The presence of a drug in the bloodstream indicates that it has reached its target
False. It does not mean this because drugs still have to cross cell membranes and tissue barriers
66
(enteral/parenteral) administration is a drug entering through the alimentary tract or GI tract
enteral
67
What is an advantage of intramuscular injections
A big dose can be administered into a tissue so that it is steadily released into the general circulation
68
Adipose tissue sequesters _____ ____ drugs
lipid soluble
69
If 100g of a drug is administered orally and 50g reaches the blood system, what is the bioavailability
50%
70
Which new drug delivery technique can be described as time released to permit a more prolonged and controlled release of medication
Controlled release preparations
71
An ____ IV line allows a steady infusion of medication with less fluctuation in plasma concentration
indwelling
72
What is the first pass effect
after drugs are absorbed into the gut, they are transported to the liver to either be metabolized or destroyed prior to reaching the target site
73
What term describes the absorption and distribution of a drug
bioavailability
74
When are inhalation drugs used
when gaseous or volatile drugs need to be administered as tiny droplets
75
True or False: Biological membranes are selectively permeable
true
76
Which two organs are notorious for binding drugs/sequestering drugs
the liver and kidney cells
77
What is the cell membrane composed of
lipids and proteins
78
What are four factors that affect distribution of a drug
Tissue permeability Blood flow Binding to blood plasma proteins Binding to intra-cellular components
79
What term describes the metabolism and excretion of a drug
elimination
80
What does the blood brain barrier do
protects the CNS from potentially harmful chemicals
81
Which new drug delivery technique can be described as a gene based therapy that attaches a drug to a fat or protein molecule which is attracted to receptors of target cells that will aid in delivering DNA to modify genetic activity
targeting drug delivery
82
What is the significance of proteins interspersed throughout the lipid layer of the cell membrane
The proteins can form channels that allow non lipids to pass in and out of the membrane. Proteins imbedded in the layer can function as receptors
83
If a drug is taken orally, how many membranes must it cross to reach its target, and how many will it cross to exit the target
At least 2 to reach the target and 2 to exit. To reach the target it first has to cross through GI membranes then through capillary membranes to get to the blood stream. The same goes to get out
84
Nitroglycerin, motion sickness medications, and drugs used with phonophoresis and iontophoresis are ______ drugs
transdermal
85
Describe the structure of a cell membrane
polar with hydrophobic tails oriented toward the center and hydrophilic facing outward with proteins interspersed throughout the lipid layer
86
Transdermal drugs are often administered via a transdermal _______.
patch
87
What type of administration route occurs when the drug is placed between the cheek and gum
buccal
88
Acetaminophen can be metabolized into a toxin in the _____ and stored there causing eventual damage to the organ
liver
89
What are three new techniques that are used for drug delivery
1. Controlled release preparations 2. Implanted systems 3. Targeting drug delivery

Pharmacology (13 decks)

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