Exam 1 info

Question 1

Describe the ventricles in the brain

Answer 1

Lateral ventricles
Intraventricular foramen
Third ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
Fourth ventricle
Central canal

Question 2

Describe neurulation

Answer 2

Formation of neural crest and neural tube

Question 3

What types of deficits can occur in neurilation

Answer 3

Spina bifida

Anencephaly - failure of anterior neuropore to close

Question 4

What makes up the Brainstem

Answer 4

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

Question 5

What type of cells give rise to the CNS

Answer 5

Ectodermal cells

Question 6

What are the important flexures of the developing brain

Answer 6

Cephalic - brain/ brainstem
Cervical - spinal cord / brain
Pontine - cerebellum

Question 7

What is in the ventral portion

Answer 7

Basal plate - motor system

Question 8

What is in the Dorsal portion

Answer 8

Alar plate - sensory

Question 9

What type of neurons do mammals mostly have

Answer 9

Multipolar - lots of synapses

Question 10

What is a glial cell

Answer 10

the myelinating cells
CNS - oligodendrocytes
PNS - Schwan cells

Question 11

What are some terms synonymous with white matter

Answer 11

Tracts
Fascicle
Lemniscus
Bundle
Commissure

Question 12

Differentiate between sensory and motor pathways

Answer 12

SAD - sensory, afferent, dorsal

MEV - motor, efferent, ventral

Question 13

Describe some important features of the spinal cord

Answer 13

Cervical enlargement - brachial plexus
Lumbosacral enlargement - lumbosacral plexus
Cauda equina - termination of spinal cord at L2

Question 14

What is the neurotransmitter in the SNS

Answer 14

Norepinephrine

Question 15

What is the neurotransmitter in the PSNS

Answer 15

Acetylcholine

Question 16

Where is the primary Motor cortex

Answer 16

Precentral girus

Question 17

Where is the primary Sensory cortex

Answer 17

Postcentral gyrus

Question 18

Where is the primary visual cortex

Answer 18

Calcarine fissure on the occipital lobes

Question 19

Where is the primary auditory cortex

Answer 19

Transverse gyri of Heschel

Question 20

Where is the pyramidal decussation

Answer 20

Junction between medulla and spinal cord

Question 21

What does the DCML transmit

Answer 21

Proprioception
Vibration
Fine touch

Question 22

What does the spinothalamic pathway transmit

Answer 22

Pain
Temperature
Crude touch

Question 23

What sense does not synapse at the thalamus

Answer 23

olfaction

Question 24

What does the limbic system regulate

Answer 24

Emotion
Memory
Appetite
Autonomic
Neuroendocrine
Olfaction

Question 25

What is the difference between uni and heteromodal association coortexes

Answer 25

Uni - single sensory or motor modality, unimodal; visual association cortex Hetero - multiple sensory or motor modalities, prefrontal

Question 26

What is Gerstmann's syndrome

Answer 26

Difficulty with calculations Right left confusion Finger Agnosia Difficulty with written language

Question 27

What is extinction

Answer 27

Loss of sensation to side contralateral to the lesion

Question 28

What are the cerebral arteries in anterior circulation

Answer 28

ACA Acomm MCA ICA

Question 29

What are the cerebral arteries in the posterior circulation

Answer 29

PCA

Question 30

What are the cerebral arteries in the cerebral circulation

Answer 30

SCA AICA PICA

Question 31

What are the 6 steps of the motor examination

Answer 31

``` Observation Inspection Palpation Muscle tone testing Functional testing Strength testing ```

Question 32

What impairment is associated with huntingtins disease

Answer 32

chorea

Question 33

What does fMRI look like

Answer 33

fire in the brain

Question 34

What does PET look like

Answer 34

rainbows in the brain

Question 35

What is TMS

Answer 35

measures brain activity

Question 36

What is tDCS

Answer 36

transcranial direct current stimulation | used to prime motor learning

Question 37

What is DBS

Answer 37

Deep brain stimulation | helps relieve symptoms of Parkinson's

Question 38

What is BDNF

Answer 38

Brain derived neurotrophic factor | key mediator of neuroplasticity

Question 39

What is the pathway of a first order neuron in the posterior column

Answer 39

receptor - spinal cord - medulla

Question 40

What is the pathway of a second order neuron in the posterior column

Answer 40

Medulla - crosses in medulla - thalamus

Question 41

What is the pathway of a third order neuron in the posterior column

Answer 41

thalamus - post central gyrus

Question 42

What is the pathway of a first order neuron in the anterior column

Answer 42

Skin - dorsal grey matter

Question 43

What is the pathway of a second order neuron in the anterior column

Answer 43

Dorsal grey matter - decussates to anterolateral white matter - thalamus

Question 44

What is the pathway of a third order neuron in the anterior column

Answer 44

thalamus - Post central gyrus