Exam 1 - Lecture 2

Question 1

A substance produced by one or more glands that is transported by the blood to exert a specific effect upon another organ

Answer 1

Hormones

Question 2

Releases hormone to blood, almost every tissue in the body has this

Answer 2

gland

Question 3

the branch of biology that studies hormones including their source, targets, regulation and impact

Answer 3

endocrinology

Question 4

What are the different types of endocrine signaling? (7)

Answer 4

Autocrine signaling
Paracrine signaling
Juxtacrine signaling
Endocrine signaling
Exocrine signaling
Neurocrine signaling
Neuroendocrine signaling

Question 5

What is autocrine signaling?

Answer 5

Self signaling, the cell is talking to itself

Question 6

What does the cell releases to binds to receptors in autocrine signaling

Answer 6

Ligand

Question 7

Explain the process of autocrine signaling

Answer 7

binds to corresponding receptor on the same cell

Question 8

What are examples of autocrine signaling?

Answer 8

FAS on immune cells to initiate apoptosis
Serotoin autoreceptors

Question 9

What is paracrine signaling

Answer 9

Talking to neighboring cells

Question 10

Explain the process of paracrine signaling

Answer 10

Cell A releases a ligand binds to a receptor on a nearby cell

Question 11

What are some example of paracrine signaling

Answer 11

histamine in gut
estradiol in testes

Question 12

Is estrogen a hormone?

Answer 12

No estrogen is a class of hormone

Question 13

What is Juxtacrine Signaling?

Answer 13

Cells shaking hands

Question 14

Explain the process of juxtacrine signaling

Answer 14

Ligand attached to the surface of cell A interact with receptors on the surface of Cell B (direct cell signaling)

Question 15

Juxtacrine signaling:
- Sperm head attaching receptors on —– membrane of bird egg
- —– presentation

Answer 15

• perivitelline membrane of bird egg
• Antigen presentation

Question 16

What is endocrine signaling

Answer 16

cells texting each other

Question 17

In endocrine system, where is the ligand released to?

Answer 17

the blood

Question 18

What accumulates in the blood in endocrine system

Answer 18

Hormone

Question 19

Explain the process of endocrine signaling

Answer 19

the ligand by its receptor on a cell far away elicits a response in the target tissue

Question 20

What is a examples of endocrine signaling

Answer 20

oxytocin from the posterior pituitary stimulates milk let down in mammary tissues

Question 21

What is oxytocin

Answer 21

smooth muscle contraction

Question 22

Its very specific. Acts on tissues that can accept the receptors

Answer 22

Hormone Action

Question 23

Substances released into the ductal system to an epithelial surface

Answer 23

Exocrine signaling

Question 24

Where is the substance made by the exocrine signaling often found

Answer 24

mucosal surface

Question 25

What is an example of exocrine signaling

Answer 25

glands that secrete pheromones sweat

Question 26

Who is the person that studied human pheromones

Answer 26

Dr. Martha McClintok, Wesly College

Question 27

ligand is released from a neuron to act on a non-neuronal target cell.

Answer 27

Neurocrine signaling

Question 28

Neurocrine: _______ is released from _________ to elicit an penile erection

Answer 28

NO parasympathetic

Question 29

A ligand is released form a neuron into the blood

Answer 29

Neuroendocrine signaling

Question 30

Binds to its receptors elsewhere in the body

Answer 30

Neuroendocrine signaling

Question 31

Fill in the blank of this example of Neuroendocrine Signaling. ____________ released from the ____________ into pituitary portal blood to act on ___________ in anterior pituitary

Answer 31

GNRH Hypothalamus gonadotropes

Question 32

What are the two reflexes?

Answer 32

Simple Neural Reflex and Neuroendocrine reflex

Question 33

What are the 3 types of neurons that make up the simple neural reflex

Answer 33

Afferent Interneuron Efferent

Question 34

-----: neurons synapse with ---------------- in the ---- column

Answer 34

afferent interneurons spinal

Question 35

------: synapse with efferent neurones

Answer 35

interneurons

Question 36

----: neurons release signals directly into the target tissue

Answer 36

efferent

Question 37

What are examples of simple neural reflex

Answer 37

knee jerk, lordosis, motor

Question 38

---------: stimulus ultimately activates neuroendocrine cells via the -------

Answer 38

Neuroendocrine reflex interneurons

Question 39

What is an example of neuroendocrine reflex

Answer 39

Release of oxytocin in response to suckling

Question 40

3 ways hormones are classified

Answer 40

Chemical Receptor types Sources

Question 41

What does the mechanism of classification tells us about (4)

Answer 41

Physiology Variability Specificity Activity

Question 42

Reproductive hormones fall into 6 chemical classes. What are these classes

Answer 42

Peptides Steroids Protein Glycoprotein Eicosanoids Biogenic amines

Question 43

short sequence of amino acids

Answer 43

Peptides

Question 44

Sequence is encoded by specific genes and derived from longer precursors sequence

Answer 44

peptides

Question 45

What are 4 examples of peptides

Answer 45

oyxtocin GnRH GnIH TRH

Question 46

which peptides is a inhibitory for hormones

Answer 46

GnIH

Question 47

which peptides inhibits Gn

Answer 47

TRH

Question 48

longer sequence of amino acids

Answer 48

protein hormones

Question 49

Do protein hormones have complex secondary or primary structure

Answer 49

secondary

Question 50

Are protein hormones single or multiple molculed

Answer 50

single molecule

Question 51

are protein hormones glycoslated or not

Answer 51

not glycoslated

Question 52

do protein hormones have a high or low interspecies variability

Answer 52

High interspecies variability

Question 53

What are some example of protein hormone

Answer 53

FSH Leptin Prolactin

Question 54

Important in mammal, insufficient amount of this protein hormome results in no puberty and reproduction

Answer 54

Leptin

Question 55

What is glycoprotein comprised of and how is it linked?

Answer 55

Common a chain Unique b chain Linked by non-covalent bonds

Question 56

What sugars are used to modified glycoprotein hormones

Answer 56

mannose, galactose and fructose

Question 57

What are examples of glycoprotein hormones

Answer 57

Luteinizing hormones (LH) Follicle stimulate hormone (FSH) Chorionic Gonadotropins (eCG and hCH) Inhibin Activin

Question 58

What is relaxin for?

Answer 58

parturition

Question 59

4 fuse ring

Answer 59

steroids

Question 60

each steroid is derived from what by step wise enzymatic modification

Answer 60

cholestrol

Question 61

What are some examples of steroids

Answer 61

Estradiol Progestrone Testosterones dihydrotestosterone

Question 62

How is estradiol made from testosterone

Answer 62

Aromatase

Question 63

How is dihydrotestosteone made from testosterone

Answer 63

5-a-reductase

Question 64

Estrogen include three endogenous hormones. what are those 3

Answer 64

Estrone (E1) Estradiol (E2) Estriol (E3)

Question 65

a class of steroid hormone that binds to the progestrone receptors

Answer 65

Progestrone

Question 66

What are the endogenous hormone?

Answer 66

progstrerone progestin

Question 67

What are the non-animal forms receive as prefix

Answer 67

Xeno phyto Myco

Question 68

What is genestein

Answer 68

produced from soybean that is a plant estrogen

Question 69

Control male development and maintenance

Answer 69

Androgrens

Question 70

Various endogenous forms of Androgens

Answer 70

Testosterones Dihydrotesterone Androstenedione

Question 71

Included synthetic and endogenous forms

Answer 71

Corticosteroids

Question 72

what is Corticosteroids subdivided into

Answer 72

Mineralocorticoids Glucocorticoids

Question 73

What is the subdivision of Mineralocorticoids

Answer 73

Aldosterone

Question 74

What is the subdivision of Glucocorticoids

Answer 74

Cortisol Corticosterone Cortisone

Question 75

Derived from arachidonic acid, polyunsaturated fatty acids

Answer 75

Eicosanoid

Question 76

What are the 2 examples of eicosanoid?

Answer 76

prostaglandin (E2) (PGE2) Prostaglandin F2 Alpha (PGF2a)

Question 77

why is prostaglandin (E2) (PGE2) and Prostaglandin F2 Alpha (PGF2a) important

Answer 77

initiate the process of partuition

Question 78

Large Arachidonic pathway: linked to ------ processes - ____________ -______________ -______________

Answer 78

non reproductive immune function clotting vascular control

Question 79

Important in behavior

Answer 79

Amine

Question 80

What are the hormones derived from amino acids in Amines

Answer 80

Tryptophan - indole Tyrosine - cate

Question 81

What are the 2 groups of biogenic amine

Answer 81

Indoleamine and Catecholamine

Question 82

What is 5-HT in seratonin

Answer 82

Mood enhancer and drugs

Question 83

inside of the brain

Answer 83

norepinephrine

Question 84

outside of the brain

Answer 84

epinephrine

Question 85

rewards, punishment, addiction, breeding facility

Answer 85

dopamine

Question 86

Explain the tyrosine amine passage way

Answer 86

Tyrosine --> thyroglobulin --> T3 and T4 (mostly T4)

Question 87

What is T4 and T3, and which one is more abundant

Answer 87

T4 = Thyroxine T3 = triiodothyronine T4 is more abundant

Question 88

How is T4 converted into T3

Answer 88

T4 is a target tissues that gets deionized forming T3