Exam 1 - no transmitters or disorders Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Exam 1 - no transmitters or disorders Deck (44)
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1
Q

Major Systems of Nervous System

A

Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System

2
Q

Subsets of PNS

A

Somatic and Autonomic (Sympathetic and Parasympathetic)

3
Q

Sympathetic Division

A

Fight or flight

4
Q

Parasympathetic Division

A

Restorative

5
Q

Blood in Brain

A

Delivers glucose and oxygen to neurons in brain

6
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

A

circulates through ventricular system and is replaced every 3 hours

7
Q

Astrocytes

A

energy supply, regulation of neural activity

8
Q

Oligodendricytes

A

myelin (CNS)

9
Q

Microglia

A

immune response, housekeeping

10
Q

Schwann Cells

A

myelin (PNS)

11
Q

Cerebrum

A

cortex, contains frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobe

12
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving

13
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

associated with movement, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli

14
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Associated with visual processing

15
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

associated with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory, and speech

16
Q

Cerebellum

A

regulation and coordination of movement, posture and balance

17
Q

Limbic System

A

contains thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus

18
Q

Thalamus

A

sensory and motor functions

19
Q

Hypothalamus

A

homeostasis, emotion, thirst, hunger, circadian rhytms, and control of autonomic nervous system

20
Q

amygdala

A

memory, emotion, and fear

21
Q

Hippocampus

A

learning and memory, short term memory to permanent memory, recalling spatial relationships

22
Q

Brain Stem

A

Midbrain, pons, and medulla

23
Q

Midbrain

A

vision, hearing, eye movement, and body movement

24
Q

Pons

A

motor control and sensory analysis

25
Q

Medulla

A

maintaining vital body functions (breathing and heart rate)

26
Q

How is the resting potential maintained?

A

due to force of diffusion and electrostatic pressure

27
Q

How is the action potential initiated?

A

At the axon hillock, EPSPs and IPSPs are summed and if large enough voltage-gated ion channels react

28
Q

How is the action potential propagated?

A

Starts at 70; Na channels open and Na enters raising voltage; K channels open and K slowly leaves cell, raising voltage; Na channels become refractory (no more can enter) lowering voltage; K continues to leave cell causing membrane potential to return to resting level but due to slowness hyper polarization; K channels close and Na channels reset bring cell to resting level

29
Q

How does optogenetics allow neuroscientists control neuronal firing?

A

Control action potentials by inserting ion channels that are receptive to light; they activate channels causing open/close and potential being generated

30
Q

How are vesicles transported to axon terminal?

A

Anterograde-kinesin protein walks vesicle down microtubule;

Retrograde-dynein protein takes what is not needed back

31
Q

How are neurotransmitters released?

A

action potential causes opening of Ca2+ channels which allow vesicle docking on presynaptic membrane

32
Q

How are neurotransmitters detected?

A

Neurotransmitter attaches to binding site on receptors and cause ionotropic or metabotropic responses

33
Q

How are neurotransmitters cleared from the synapse?

A

By diffusion away from the cleft, reuptake by presynaptic cell, degraded in cleft by enzyme, or uptake by astrocytes

34
Q

How does chemical transmission lead to electrical transmission?

A

Neurotransmitters cause ions to enter/leave cell causing a potential that meets at axon hillock, the type of ion determines if IPSP or EPSP

35
Q

How is chemical transmission regulated?

A

Autoreceptors-regulate syntesis and release of neurotransmitters

36
Q

What are the factors that determine the action of a drug?

A

Route of administration, passage across membranes, non-target binding, target binding kinetics, dose, and elimination

37
Q

Direct agonist

A

drug that binds with and activates a receptor

38
Q

Indirect agonist

A

drug that attaches to a binding site on a receptor and facilitates the action of the receptor

39
Q

Cross-tolerance

A

tolerance to drug A also diminishes response to drug B

40
Q

Drug disposition tolerance

A

drug A causes effects that reduce its own concentration (such as increasing enzyme presence)

41
Q

Pharmacodynamics tolerance

A

drug A effectiveness is reduced through action at the receptor or downstream of the receptor (such as # of receptors decrease or intracellular signaling become less sensitive)

42
Q

Behavior Tolerance

A

drug A effectiveness is reduced through learned association of environmental or internal cues with drug effects (alcohol at a bar)

43
Q

Sensitization

A

effects of drug A increase over repeated doses

44
Q

Four Criteria for a Neurotransmitter

A
  1. Synthesized in the neuron
  2. present in the presynaptic terminal and released in amounts sufficient to exert action on postsynaptic neuron or organ
  3. same effect when injected as when released by the body
  4. specific mechanism exists for removing it from its site of action