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EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

buddha

A

-means “enlightened one”
-original name Siddhartha Guatama
-reformed hinduism and created buddhism from his teachings

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2
Q

monsoon

A

-a seasonal wind pattern in southern Asia
-blows warm, moist air from the southwest during the summer, bringing heavy rains, and cold, dry air from the northeast during the winter

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3
Q

steppe

A

a large, flat grassy plain devoid of trees save those near bodies of water

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4
Q

ideology

A

a set of beliefs

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5
Q

martial

A

relating to or suited for war or a warrior

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6
Q

confucianism

A

-a chinese political philosophy that was political and ethical, not spiritual
- formulated by the Chinese philosopher Confucius
-towards the end of the zhou dynasty
-intended to help restore order to a society in a state of confusion
-useless to speculate on spiritual questions, assume there is an order in the universe
-governed by 5 main relationships
-humans are basically good
- the ruler should rule by example-
-it is the duty of human beings to work hard to improve life here on earth

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7
Q

monotheism

A

believing in one god

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8
Q

hieroglyphics

A

“priest-carvings” or “sacred writings,” a complex system of writing that used both pictures and more abstract forms; used by the ancient Egyptians and Mayans

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9
Q

sanskrit

A

the first writing system of the Aryans, developed around 1000 B.C.

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10
Q

aristocrat

A

an upper class whose wealth is based on land and whose power is passed on from one generation to another

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11
Q

Phoenicians

A

-trade is the basis of society and prosperity
*-best known for their ALPHABET(inspired many others like greek)
- built ships
-set up many other civilizations (Carthage),
-lived along the eastern coast of the mediterranean sea

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12
Q

**israelites

A

-A distinct group of organized tribes that established the religion of Judaism, which later influenced both Christianity and Islam
-minor factor in politics, JUDAISM,), history in the Hebrew bible (old testament) migrated from Mesopotamia to Canaan, king David made Jerusalem their capital, Solomon

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13
Q

nile

A

-longest river in the world and found in egypt
- it splits into a delta before it empties into the Mediterranean
- north is called lower egypt and south is upper
- has a yearly and predictable yearly flood (it’s miracle)
- the flood left a rich deposit of mud>fertile, rich soil
- unified egypt and made egypt prosperous
- fastest way to travel> communication

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14
Q

varnas

A

the name given by Aryans in ancient India to a 4 social classes in what was believed to be an ideal social structure

first out of the groups : brahmins/ priests
2nd group: warrior administrators (kshatriyas )
3rd group: folk/ vaisya
4th group: varna/ sudras

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15
Q

pilgrim

A

a person who travels to a shrine or other holy place

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16
Q

dalits

A

-“the untouchables”
-exist outside the caste system
-Had to do the lowest tasks like cleaning the streets, etc. -So ritually impure that standing in one’s shadow was considered impure.

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17
Q

monastery

A
  • place where monks live and train
    -a building or buildings occupied by a community of monks living under religious vows.
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18
Q

nirvana

A

in buddhism, ultimate reality, the end of the self and a reunion with the great world soul

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19
Q

karma

A

in Hinduism the force generated by a persons actions that determines how the person will be reborn in he next life

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20
Q

legalism

A

-proposes that humans are evil by nature and need harsh laws to correct their path
-legalists referred to as the “school of law”
-a popular philosophy developed in China toward the end of the Zhou dynasty

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21
Q

brahmin

A

-the highest level of the varnas
-the priests

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22
Q

brahman

A

-known as the great world soul
-ultimate goal is to have union with the Brahman

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23
Q

xian digsite

A
  • where Qin Shihuangdi left an underground terra cotta army of soldiers all with different faces
    -near the mound of his burial site
  • 6,000 soldiers, 7,000 bronze weapons, along with horses charriots etc
    -said to have been there to accompany him on his journey to the next world
24
Q

oracle

A

in ancient Greece a sacred shrine where a god or goddess was said to reveal the future through a priest or priestesses

25
peloponesian war
-athens decided to stay inside the city walls and receive supplies from navy and their colonies -spartans surrounded athens hoping athens would send out their army to fight beyond the walls -the second year a plague broke out within the walls and killed more than a third -25 years later athens' fleet was damaged very bad so they surrendered -the walls were torn down, navy disbanded, the athenian empire was destroyed. -this caused the end of classical greek structure and government -for the next years, sparta, athens, and thebes struggled to dominate and did not pay attention to the growing macedonia leading to the loss of their freedom
26
acropolis
-the high city -fortified area on top of a hill -fortified with temples and important buildings
27
**the dark age
-there is nothing for us to go back and review because there is no writing -adopted the Phoenician writing system -after the Mycenaean collapse, Greece had food and population decline-many Greeks left the mainland and sailed to other countries -the revival of some agriculture and trade -iron especially, making things more affordable and efficient
28
polytheism
the belief in more than one god
29
classical greece
KEY POINTS -after the dark age and before alexanders conquest -theology, the art, and architecture were very important RELIGION --affected every aspect of their life/considered it apart of the well being of the state --influenced great buildings and temples --12 olympians-> zeus, athena, apollo, artemis, ares, aphrodite, poseidon etc ART/LITERATURE --concerned with eternal ideas --human being = object of great beauty ideals of reason moderation balance and harmony in all things ARCHITECTURE --most important were temples dedicated to gods/goddesses --a lot of marble and sculptures --had mathematical equations for human sculptures and proportions DRAMA --greek tragedies had universal themes like good and evil, rights of an individual etc --also had comedy
30
Hammurabi
- king of babylon (called himself "the sun of babylon") -very good army tactics so he was able to expand the empire -made the code of Hammurabi which regulated peoples relationships and social guidlines - most of his laws followed the principle of "an eye for an eye" -largest category of his laws were about marriage and family
31
Himalaya
-highest mountains in the world -found in the far north of india -directly north of the Ganges valley
32
Hatsheput
-During the new kingdom, a queen Pharaoh assumed the throne -her reign was very prosperous -she encouraged mining, trading quests up the Nile, & military expeditions -she built a temple dedicated to herself -wanted to be addressed as "his majesty"
33
Assyrian army
-very good at conquering others -after a lot of practice, they developed effective military leaders and fighters -deployed hundreds of thousands of warriors -very organized and disciplined -first large armies that were equipped with iron weapons -a variety of military tactics -used terror as an element of warfare
34
Akhenaten
-Amenhotep changed his name to this -it means "servant of Aten" -He introduced the worship of Aten to egypt and pursued it enthusiastically -he closed all temples of other gods -this failed and brought destruction to Egypt until Tutankhamen restored the old gods
35
sargon of akkad
-ruler of the Akkadians -used former rulers of his conquered territories as his governors -his power was based on military -set up the first empire in world history -his empire included all of Mesopotamia and westward to the mediterranean sea
36
lower egypts
-where the nile splits into a delta -northern region of the nile is called lower egypt while southern is called upper egypt because of the flow of the nile
37
Minoan civilization
-on the island of Crete -influenced peoples on the greek mainland -discovered ruins of a palace complex that revealed a rich culture -far-ranging sea-faring empire -trade helped the Minoans improve their goods -the civilization had a sudden collapse that many have developed theories on -maybe a tidal wave and a volcanic eruption or an invasion by mainland greeks called the Myceneans
38
King david
-Israelites established a united kingdom called Israel under his rule -made jerusalem the capital of israel -father of solomon
39
gilgamesh
-created by the Mesopotamians -epic poem written about him called "the epic of Gilgamesh" -he is part man part god -king of uruk -best friend is Enkidu who dies and has nightmares about the afterlife -Gilgamesh goes on a search for immortality
40
theocracy
a government established by divine authority
41
prehistory
-means "time before writing was developed" - no written records exist for the prehistory of humankind -depends on archaeological and biological evidence
42
archaeologist
-a studier of past societies through an analysis of what people left behind (arrtifacts) for historical knowledge -they dig up artifacts- objects made by humans -these artifacts may be tools, weapons, art, or even buildings
43
alexanders empire
-conquered Persia -Phillip II of Macedonia's son -extended greek and Macedonian rule over large territory - The creation of military monarchies by his successors was a large part of his political legacy -Creation of Hellenistic kingdoms & hybrid hellenistic culture -Spread of Greek art and thought -After alexander’s death, four Hellenistic kingdoms emerged as successors to the empire
44
the trojan war
-the story that the Iliad tells -recorded on Homers pottery -the Mycenaean greeks led by Agamemnon (Mycenae king) plundered the city of troy on the coast of Asia minor -many believe this is a factual occurrence
45
persian empire
*conquered babylon *came about in modern day iran *enemy of the greeks *alexander and the greeks eventually defeated them -primarily nomadic indo-Europeans -have the reputation of being one of the greatest cities in the ancient world -cyrus the great unified them and was one of the best leaders -he wanted to extend persias territory -let the captive jews go back to their homeland -his son cambyses came and then darius -Darius strengthened the government and split it into 20 provinces with governers -they had an amazing form of communication and travel called the royal road -they followed zoroastrianism -a monotheistic religion following Ahuramazda (wise lord)
46
nile river flood
*had a yearly predictable flood which led to stability *never lost crops due to this -left rich deposit of mud -rich fertile soil on land around river after floods -many believed it to be a miracle river
47
Egyptian religion
- polytheistic (religion was very important) -god's was associated with heavenly bodies (2 groups) -Egyptians faced life with a spirit of confidence because of stability - characterized by years of continuity (religion-wise too)
48
Iliad
-epic tells the story of the trojan war; the main character is Achilles; greeks vs trojans
49
true/false modify: native Americans never developed a writing system
FALSE: they did and it is mostly pictures and not completely deciphered
50
true/false modify: the Mongolians were a group of people who were often in conflict with ancient china
true
51
true/false modify: egypt is located in southern asia
FALSE: northeast Africa
52
true/false modify: the egyptians were always monotheistic
FALSE: polytheistic
53
true/false modify: the Nile river flooded irregularly, causing the Egyptians to loose crops often
FALSE: it flooded regularly; they did not loose crops often because they were able to predict it leading to stability within their country
54
native american writing
weren't complex; mostly pictographs
55
mongolians
-nomadic culture -lived in the northern part of china -often in conflict with china
56
egyptian location
-north eastern location

History-c (9 decks)

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