exam 2

Question 1

The variable that is systematically manipulated by the researcher in an experiment to see whether changes in the independent variable produce reliable changes in the dependent variable. In applied behavior analysis, it is usually an environment event or condition antecedent or consequent to the dependent variable. (Sometimes called the intervention or treatment variable)

Answer 1

Independent variable

Question 2

1.The temporal order of the 4-term contingency of positive reinforcement consists of:

Answer 2

Establishing operation -> discriminative stimulus -> response -> reinforcing
stimulus

Question 3

Automatic reinforcement

Answer 3

Involves the reinforcement occurring independent of another person delivering it

Question 4

. _______ reinforcers are established based on a history of pairing with established reinforcers.

Answer 4

Conditioned

Question 5

Stimuli that do not require a learning history to acquire reinforcing qualities are known as

Answer 5

unconditioned reinforcers

Question 6

. ______ can be used to experimentally verify whether stimuli identified as highly preferred do indeed function as reinforcers.

Answer 6

Reinforcer assessments

Question 7

Arranging high-frequency (ie., high preference) activities to follow low-frequency (ie., low preference) activities is an application of

Answer 7

the Premack Principle

Question 8

Behavior analysts reinforce people

Answer 8

false

Question 9

A behavior is reinforced, not the person

Answer 9

True

Question 10

The stimulus change responsible for the increase in responding is called:

Answer 10

Reinforcer

Question 11

In addition to increasing the future frequency of the behavior it follows, reinforcement changes the function of antecedent stimuli

Answer 11

True

Question 12

An antecedent stimulus that evokes behavior because it has been correlated with the availability of reinforcement is called a(n) ____.

Answer 12

Discriminative stimulus

Question 13

Humans must be able to connect the behavior and the reinforcing consequence in order to be effective, due to their language ability. Other organisms do not need to connect the behavior and the reinforcing consequence.

Answer 13

False

Question 14

A ____ is a conditioned reinforcer that does not depend on a current establishing operation for any particular form of reinforcement for its effectiveness.

Answer 14

generalized conditioned reinforcer

Question 15

Removal and reduction of ongoing stimulation typically produce behavior that is called _____________ whereas postponement and prevention of stimulus presentation produce behavior that is called _____________.

Answer 15

escape; avoidance

Question 16

To avoid shaping more dangerous escape-maintained behaviors in educational settings, the person intervening should:

Answer 16

do all of the above (varied teaching technique- not aversive, demand not too
difficult, demand not too easy)

Question 17

According to Osborne’s 1969 study, Iwata indicated that free time could either be defined as the availability of preferred activities or the termination of non-preferred activities.

Answer 17

True

Question 18

Positive reinforcement for compliance alone does not suppress avoidance-motivated self-injury.

Answer 18

True

Question 19

When a student exhibits an undesirable, but not dangerous behavior when presented with a demand, it is recommended that you ignore the minor behavior and prevent escape in order to extinguish the behavior.

Answer 19

False

Question 20

Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement both

Answer 20

produce an increase in future behavior

Question 21

In negative reinforcement, the reinforcer is the

Answer 21

termination of the aversive stimulus

Question 22

Negative reinforcement can be defined as:
A stimulus _______, contingent upon a response, which _______ the future probability of that response.

Answer 22

removed, increases

Question 23

Which of the following is an example of a negative reinforcement contingency?

Answer 23

Jo is sitting near a window at Starbucks having a cup of coffee. The sun in streaming in the window, and it is too warm for Jo-she is beginning to perspire. Jo moves to another chair away from the window, where it is shady. The next time Jo goes to Starbucks, she sees the sun shining in the window again and sits in the chair in the shade instead.

Question 24

The key difference between an escape contingency and an avoidance contingency is:

Answer 24

In an escape contingency the EO is present prior to the occurrence of the target behavior, while in an avoidance contingency, the EO is not present prior to the occurrence of the target behavior

Question 25

The textbook describes a study by Ahearn and colleagues (1996), in which negative reinforcement was used to increase food acceptance in children. In this example, during baseline, bite acceptances produced access to toys and bite refusals produced removal of the spoon (negative reinforcement). During the intervention, bite refusals no longer produced removal of the spoon. Instead, the spoon was only removed if a bite was accepted. As soon as a bite was accepted and every time a bite was accepted, the spoon was briefly removed. Which factors that are important to consider for effectively changing behavior with negative reinforcement are illustrated in this example?

Answer 25

All of the above. (the stimulus change following the occurrence of the target behavior was immediate, the difference in stimulation prior to and after the response occurred was large)

Question 26

The potential negative side effects (e.g. crying, running away) of negative reinforcement are similar to the side effects associated with:

Answer 26

punishment

Question 27

Positive punishment can best be defined as:

Answer 27

Delivery of a stimulus after a behavior that decreases the occurrence of the behavior

Question 28

Mrs. Mody decided that because Johnny dumped the contents of his glue container on the floor that he would not only have to clean up his work space, but clean the entire classroom floor. The punishment procedure that Mrs. Mody is using is called:

Answer 28

Restitutional overcorrection

Question 29

A conditioned reinforcer is a punishing stimulus that has acquired its properties as a function of species history.

Answer 29

False

Question 30

According to Sidman (1993), ineffective teaching produces and exacerbates problem behavior.

Answer 30

True

Question 31

Punishment is defined neither by the actions of the person delivering the consequences nor by the nature of those consequences (e.g. time-out).

Answer 31

true

Question 32

____________ has occurred when the frequency of responding has been decreased by the presentation of a stimulus.

Answer 32

Positive punishment

Question 33

A(n) ____________ is a punishing stimulus that has acquired its properties as a function of species history

Answer 33

Unconditioned punisher

Question 34

Which of the following could function as conditioned punisher (the other three are typically unconditioned punishers)?

Answer 34

A teacher

Question 34

Which of the following is an example of an unconditioned punisher?

Answer 34

A schock

Question 35

Which of the following is NOT a schedule of reinforcement?

Answer 35

Breaks

Question 36

In which schedule of reinforcement is an individual reinforced every time a particular behavior occurs?

Answer 36

Both FR1 and continuous reinforcement

Question 37

In what type of schedule are environmental arrangements developed in which some occurrences of a behavior will be reinforced and other occurrences of the same behavior will not be?

Answer 37

Intermittent reinforcement

Question 38

The pitcher walks a baseball player every 3rd time up at bat. This is an example of what schedule of reinforcement?

Answer 38

A. FR 3

Question 39

Reinforcement that occurs after an average of 5 correct responses is an example of what schedule of reinforcement?

Answer 39

Variable ratio

Question 40

Reinforcement that occurs contingent on the first correct response after an average 5 minutes is an example of what schedule of reinforcement?

Answer 40

Variable interval

Question 41

Two or more contingencies of reinforcement that operate independently and simultaneously for two or more behaviors constitute what schedule of reinforcement?

Answer 41

concurrent

Question 42

What schedule presents two or more basic schedules of reinforcement associated with distinct discriminative stimuli for a single behavior class in an alternating, usually random, sequence?

Answer 42

Multiple

Question 43

What schedule presents two or more basic schedules of reinforcement associated with distinct discriminative stimuli in a predictable sequence?

Answer 43

Chained

Question 44

In what schedule is the conditioned reinforcer for one response the discriminative stimuli for the next response?

Answer 44

Chained

Question 45

What non-discriminative schedule presents two or more basic schedules of reinforcement for a single behavior class in an alternating, usually random, sequence?

Answer 45

Mixed

Question 46

Both an FI 5 and an FR 25 are in effect. The individual produces her 14th target response after 5 minutes and receives reinforcement. What schedule of reinforcement is she in?

Answer 46

Alternative

Question 47

Both an FI 5 and an FR 25 are simultaneously in effect. The individual produces his 14th target response after 5 minutes but does not receive reinforcement until he produces 25 target responses. What schedule of reinforcement is he in?

Answer 47

Conjunctive

Question 48

Social media has thickened the reinforcement schedule considerably. Logging in to Facebook to check how many people "like" your newly posted photo of a night on the town is an example of what schedule?

Answer 48

Variable interval

Question 49

The effectiveness of timeout is largely determined by

Answer 49

Density and quality of reinforcement available in the time-in environment

Question 50

Mrs. Smith placed Timmy in time-out because he refused to pick up his pencil to take his math test. Previous behavior assessments have demonstrated that the function of his non-compliance in math was typically escape maintained. Was this intervention appropriate?

Answer 50

No. The time-out environment is more reinforcing than the aversive math exam. Placing him in the time out will likely increase this behavior on the next exam.

Question 51

According to the matching law, as reinforcer deliveries increase along the x-axis, proportional increases in behavior are depicted along the y-axis.

Answer 51

true

Question 52

By applying the matching law, you can utilize differential reinforcement without employing extinction on the inappropriate behavior.

Answer 52

true

Question 53

Herrnstein found a near-perfect, ________ correlation between one unit increase in ________ with one unit increase in behavior.

Answer 53

Positive; reinforcement

Question 54

Neef et al. (1994) described (4) reinforcer dimensions. What were they?

Answer 54

rate, quality, delay, and effort

Question 55

___________ are all the topographical forms of the performance that have a similar function.

Answer 55

Response Class

Question 56

________________ are stimulus changes after the behavior.

Answer 56

Consequences

Question 57

A stimulus class has a common effect on behavior, but can vary based on their topographical properties

Answer 57

True

Question 58

In a functional relation, the ______________ is the behavior that was changed.

Answer 58

Dependent variable

Question 59

In a functional relation, the ______________ is the intervention

Answer 59

independent variable

Question 60

Group of responses that produce the same effect on the environment. (In other words, several behaviors that have the same function.)

Answer 60

Response Class

Question 61

4 Term contingencies

Answer 61

antecedent, behavior, consequence, motivation

Question 62

the occurrence of the behavior terminates the aversive stimulus. May lead to an increase in other undesirable behavior

Answer 62

Escape

Question 63

the occurrence of the behavior prevents the presentation of an aversive stimulus.

Answer 63

Avoidance

Question 64

completion of a constant number of responses Yields high rates of responding. Often a “post reinforcement pause” occurs and known as a procrastination effect -graph looks like stairs, break run

Answer 64

Fixed ratio

Question 65

-completion of a changing number of responses -Produces high rates of responding that is strong and steady -line, Vegas rules, you never know, steady rate, gambling

Answer 65

Variable Ratio

Question 66

-reinforces the first correct response after a changing amount of time -Leads to steady rate of responding. The response rate is high when the average interval is short and low when a longer interval is used -steady but not as high

Answer 66

Variable Interval

Question 67

is also called a secondary reinforcer. It is something that needs to be learned through pairings with unconditioned reinforcers.

Answer 67

Conditioned

Question 68

is also called a primary reinforcer. These are reinforcers that do not need to be learned, such as food, water, oxygen, warmth and sex. These are all primary drives that we have for basic survival and if they are deprived in any way, gaining access to these reinforcers is very motivating.

Answer 68

unconditioned

Question 69

speeding ticket, given a ticket

Answer 69

Positive punishment

Question 70

removed a toy, clean their room

Answer 70

Negative punishment

Question 71

pain, loud noise

Answer 71

Unconditioned

Question 72

the word no, sad face, money, paycheck

Answer 72

Generalized conditioned

Question 73

Applied Behavior Analysis is set apart from other disciplines devoted to the understanding and improvement of human behavior with respect to its:

Answer 73

-goals -focus -methodology

Question 74

The term “applied” in ABA means that technology is applied to a research question.

Answer 74

False

Question 75

S-R psychology is a paradigm for modern behaviorism. True or False?

Answer 75

False

Question 76

Which of the following is not a component specified in the definition of ABA? A. The focus is socially significant behavior B. ABA seeks to produce statistically significant results C. Procedures are derived from principles of behavior D. ABA demonstrates a functional relation

Answer 76

-B. ABA seeks to produce statistically significant results

Question 77

Different types of scientific investigations yield 1 or more of three levels of understanding phenomena under study which are:

Answer 77

-Prediction -Description -Control

Question 78

Scientific “attitudes” as described by Skinner include: A. Prediction, expert opinion, control B. Description, experimentation, Analysis C. Prediction, description, control D. Experimentation, philosophic doubt, parsimony

Answer 78

D. Experimentation, philosophic doubt, parsimony

Question 79

Behavior elicited by antecedent stimuli is referred to as:

Answer 79

Respondent Behavior

Question 80

A reflex includes:

Answer 80

An eliciting stimulus and the behavior it produce

Question 81

Operants must be defined in terms of: A. their relationship to controlling variables B. A set of contingencies C. Their consequences D. A and B E. All of the above

Answer 81

E. all of the above

Question 82

Behavior whose probability of occurrence is determined by its history of consequences is:

Answer 82

Operant behavior

Question 83

Which of the following Is NOT part of the definition of behavioral consequence: A. It is an environmental change B. It follows a given behavior C. It alters the probability of future occurrences of the given behavior D. The rate of the given behavior will immediately increase

Answer 83

D. The rate of the given behavior will immediately increase

Question 84

When certain stimuli increase the future probability in a behavior when they are terminated immediately following a response, what has occurred is termed:

Answer 84

Negative Reinforcement

Question 85

Which of the following Is NOT a component of the three-term contingency? A. Antecedent stimulus B. Perception of the stimulus C. Behavior D. Consequence

Answer 85

B. Perception of the stimulus

Question 86

Differences is the way we respond to situations are primarily the result of:

Answer 86

Different histories of reinforcement

Question 87

Respondent behavior is

Answer 87

Elicited by antecedent events

Question 88

Although other fields aim to understand and improve human behavior, ABA distinguishes itself by its focus, goals, and methodology. True or False?

Answer 88

True

Question 89

Which characteristic of ABA refers to clarity in its methodology?

Answer 89

Technological

Question 90

An intervention that is __________ will define the behavior change as it was derived from basic principles of ABA, not “a bag of tricks”

Answer 90

Conceptually Systematic

Question 91

Which characteristic of ABA refers to the commitment to affecting improvements in behaviors that enhance and improve people’s lives?

Answer 91

Applied

Question 92

Determinism is the assumption that the universe is a lawful and orderly place in which phenomena occur because of other events. True or false?

Answer 92

True

Question 93

Free will is compatible with determinism. True or false?

Answer 93

False

Question 94

Results of experiments that show that specific manipulation of one event or the__________ produces a reliable change in another event, or the __________ and that change was unlikely due to confounding variables is an example of a(n) __________.

Answer 94

-independent variable -dependent variable -functional relation

Question 95

__________ is a philosophical position that considers behavior events that cannot be publicly observed to be outside the realm of science; __________ attempts to explain all behavior, including private events such as thinking and feeling.

Answer 95

-methodological behaviorism -radical behaviorism

Question 96

Your sister can be an unconditioned punisher. True or false?

Answer 96

False

Question 97

Reading a book is a response. True or false?

Answer 97

False

Question 98

The words to the National Anthem are a response class. True or false?

Answer 98

True

Question 99

__________ are all the topographical forms of the performance that have a similar function.

Answer 99

Response class

Question 99

__________ refers to the physical shape or form of a behavior.

Answer 99

Response topography

Question 100

A stimulus class has a common effect on behavior but can vary based on their topographical properties. True or false

Answer 100

True

Question 101

The temporal order of the 4-term contingency of positive reinforcement consists of:

Answer 101

Establishing operation; discriminative stimulus; response; reinforcing stimulus

Question 102

Arranging high frequency activities to follow low frequency activities is an application of

Answer 102

The premack principle