Exam 2 Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
Homogendered sexual/romantic relationship
A
relationship involve two partners who share similar gender roles and
gender identities
2
Q
common homogendered relationship
A
is between two cisgender males or two cisgender
female
3
Q
uncommon homogendered relationship
A
Relatively rare: involving two masc/trans gynephilic females
Very rare: two fem/trans androphilic males
4
Q
heterogendered relationships
A
involve partners who have different gender roles and gender identities and, thus, do not treat each other as social equals
A butch and femme relationship is considered a heterogendered.
5
Q
uncommon heterogendered relationship
A
involving two
androphilic males
are rare
6
Q
age graded relationships
A
involve two people who differ in age by at least one generation (10 years)
7
Q
mine marriages among mpondo men
A
younger male workers known as inkotsane.
married older mine workers, nkosi, who took on a husband-like role, offering protection, guidance, and gifts to the younger partner.
These relationships provided emotional and social support in the harsh mining environment.
8
Q
androphilic males prefer what
A
masculinity
98% of men describe themselves as masculine and prefer masculinity over femininity
9
Q
gynephilic females prefer what
A
femininity
women describe themselves as more fem 53% of the time than masc. they prefer fem 76% but 89% if sports is not involved. Masc is undesirable 95% of the time
10
Q
Gynandromorphophile
A
refers to sexual attraction and arousal to individuals, specifically transgender women, who possess a combination of male and female physical characteristics
11
Q
Gynandromorphophile is more similar to?
A
gynephilic men than androphilic men
12
Q
Bayot
A
individuals assigned male at birth but adopt a feminine gender expression - a third gender and are typically attracted to men
13
Q
callboy
A
male sex worker who provide sexual services to clients who are often male in exchange for compensation
14
Q
what is the realtionship between bayot and callboys
A
bayot men are looking for romantic relationships whereas callboys are looking for financial gain. The relationship between them is often transactional - bayots pay to find companionship in callboys
15
Q
How are male homosexual interactions in the Philippines patterned differently from male homosexual interactions in Canada?
A
in the philippines societal influences shape identity and cause more transactional relationships but where lbtq is more accepted like in canada there is more open mindedness to same-sex relationships.
16
Q
How does Whitam characterize the frequency of male homosexuality cross-culturally?
A
relatively consistent across cultures implying that there is a biological basis for sexual orientation
17
Q
How does Whitam characterize the frequency of male homosexual behavior crossculturally?
A
behaviour varies across cultures due to norms, religion, legalities, and social attitudes can either suppress or encourage behaviours leading to an infrequency.
18
Q
Why does whitam’s characterization of these homosexuality and homosexual behaviours differ?
A
homosexuality have a biological underpinning whereas homosexual behaviour is subject to societal influences on whether it is expressed or not
19
Q
what are the three different ways that homosexual interactions are
configured?
A
20
Q
Down Low sexuality
A
men who regularly engage in sex with other men but don’t identify themselves as gay
21
Q
what does gay mean to DL men
A
they describe gay in extremely negative terms
they think that same-sex behaviour is something one does whereas being gay is something one is
22
Q
DL identity
A
characterized by indexical particular that are different from the identity they seek to distance themselves from gay, they reinterpret the meaning of any aspects of their identity that they share with gays
23
Q
According to Denizet-Lewis what does “gay” mean to men on the DL?
A
the term gay is often associated w stereotypes that they reject. they do not identify with those stereotypes
24
Q
According to Denizet-Lewis, what does “Down Low” mean to men who selfidentify in this manner?
A
25
How does Denizet-Lewis essay “Double Lives on the Down Low” demonstrate
that the meaning of homosexual behavior varies across cultures?
Cultural norms around masculinity, race, and sexuality influence how people perceive and label their behaviours.
26
who coined the term homosexual
Karl Kentbeny
27
portuguese fanchonos
same-sex attracted males, many of whom effeminate (act like females)
28
the fanchono subculture
organized themselves in physical and social space in the manner of subculture, wore distinctive clothing, hairstyles, have feminine nicknames, have their own slang
29
english mollies
same-sex attracted males who lived in 18th century london. They often had nicknames that end in molly also organized themselves in physical and social space in the manner of subculture
30
onna girai
translates to women hater and is often associated with men who avoid or reject relationships with women. often seen in samurai and monks
31
nascent subculture
refers to an emerging or newly forming social group with distinct values, behaviors, aesthetics, and beliefs that set it apart from the mainstream culture
32
indonesian ludruk
men often played women characters in theatre
33
aristophanes
ancient time when humans were originally double beings
Male-Male (born of the Sun),
Female-Female (born of the Earth),
Male-Female (Androgynous) (born of the Moon, combining male and female traits).
34
tomb of the diver - eromenos and erastes
the relationship between an erastes, an older lover/mentor and an eromenos, a younger beloved.
35
fa'atama
female to male trans in samoa
36
auto da fe
"act of faith" to condem people that were jews, muslim, or those accused of sodomy
37
What was the Inquisition?
a series of insitutions that the catholic church aimed at identifying snd supressing heresy
38
How did Portugal differ from other European countries during the Inquisition in terms of the
treatment of homosexuals?
they were much more severe, public executions and harsh penalties whereas in other countries the acts were condemned with less intensity
39
In what ways was the Catholic Church in Portugal more tolerant than the secular authorities in
prosecuting homosexuality?
During the period of the Portuguese Inquisition and beyond, the Catholic Church was generally more tolerant than secular authorities in prosecuting homosexuality, as female homosexual activity wasn't actively prosecuted, and prosecutions for same-sex activity focused on causing distress to partners rather than the act itself
40
What evidence does Mott (1987) present that a subculture of same-sex attracted males existed in
Portugal prior to 1869?
he provides court cases of men who were repeat offenders of same-sex relations proving a pattern of exclusive homosexual behaviour
41
Mott (1987) notes that in 1652, a priest named Barreto, was referred to as a “fanchono” and a
sodomite. How does this distinction challenge social constructionists’ claims about the history
of homosexuality?
fanchono are men who adopted effeminate behaviours and formed distinct communities. Barreto was categorized as both a fanchono and a sodomite. Being named two different things showed that there was an understanding of different homo identities
42
Rafael Fanchono. How does this nickname challenge social constructionists’ claims about the history of homosexuality?
demonstrates that there is recognition of dif homosexual identities proving that it is not just a modern idea and challenges the claim as it proves that its not distinct.
43
What was the Danca dos Fanchonos?
dance preformed by effeminate men, it is a subculture of the franchonos.
44
fanchonos spoke about themselves as a “jurisdiction” what does this mean to challenge social constructionists' claims
this indicates a self-referential terminology suggesting a community and self-governance
45
What type of sexuality do women report more than men
mostly heterosexual and substantial bisexuality
46
what type of sexuality do men report more than women
exclusive homosexuality
47
what type of curve is seen in the graph of male sexual orientation
bimodal
48
what type of curve is seen in the graph of female sexual orientation
negative exponential curve
49
what percent of Lucien von Romers fellow students found to be homosexual
1.9%
50
what percent of Magnus Hirschfeld in germany found to be homosexual in 1903-04
1.5% then 1.7%
51
aka pygmies
Indigenous groups in africa referred to as Aka, pygmies are of short stature
52
aka pygmies and homosexuality
they possibly had different views of gender roles and their concepts of sexuality may have been different. Homosexual relationships were more made for kinship, hunting practice and more
53
The Tausug and homosexuality
trans male androphiles are accepted and male homosexuality is tolerated and routine. Premarital heterosexual sex is forbidden
54
the Bajau and homosexuality
Premarital
heterosexual sex
accepted, Male homosexual
interactions is forbidden and "absent"
55
the tausug and bajau
bajau seek out tausug males for sex, bajau have access to female partners, feminine males exists among the Bajau but are described as resembling Tausug homos
56
Demographic reasons as to why homosexuality isn't seen cross-culturally
small group causes low frequency and people may not come in contact with others like themselves, thus no sexual outlet
57
Cultural reasons as to why homosexuality isn't seen cross-culturally
they may be present but the action is taboo/forbidden to openly declare
58
childhood sex atypicality behaviours
cross dressing
atypical play
adopting the role of other sex during play
prefrence of opposite sex playmates
fantasizing about being the opposite sex - desiring/ wishing to be
59
What are the two thoughts of sexual orientation
1. that it is stable and does not change
2. that it is plastic and changes in some individuals
60
Sexual fluidity in women
bisexual or unlabeled are more common
sexual attraction moves 1 point on the kinsey scale
61
sexual fluidity in women is more and less common in which categories
more: bisexual and femme lesbians
less: androphilic women and butch lesbians
62
Stability in sexual orientation
heterosexual traits are overwhelming stable as well as non-heterosexuality in males
non-heterosexuality in women is fluid
63
two school of thoughts on if sexual orientation can be changed
1. orientation is stable trait that cannot be changed vis intervention
2. non-heterosexuality is an acquired pathological trait that can be changed via interventions
64
freudian psychoanalytic theory
homosexuality was a perversion that could not bed changed in most individuals - not diseased /mental illness
65
american psychoanalytic theory
- neurosis (redirected libido) ex. fear of female genitals, repress attraction to women and redirected to men
- homosexuals are diseased/mentally ill and can be cured.
66
aversion therapy
aversive (punishing) stim paired fantazies or images of the same sex
- electric shock, apomorphine, co2
- punishment would reorient indivdual away from homosexuality
67
orgasmic reconditioning therapy
- rewarding stim paired w fantasies/images of the opposite sex
- masterbate to same-sex fantasies but when you orgasm you switch to opposite sex fantasies
68
psychoanalysis
- exposure to the neurosis and work through the unconscious anxiety through protracted psychotherapy (talking)
- practice gender-typical activities
- form a close non-sexual relationship w same-sex therapist
69
reparative/conversion therapy
- sexual reorientation w religious teaching
- can experience same-sex attraction w/o being homo
- only homo if you engage in homo behaviour
70
What evidence is there that a subculture of same-sex attracted males existed?
the existence of molly houses
71
What evidence is there that in early 18th century London, England, same-sex attracted males formed personal and group identities based on their sexual orientation?
men often would form female personas, names, and engaged in mock weddings. they also particpated in cross-dressing and role-playing was common showing a shared cultural identity
72
What evidence is there that in early 18th century London, England, exclusive male homosexuality
existed?
they were acknowledged in the sense that it was criminalized and often satirized
73
What was a molly?
effeminate homosexuals
74
What was a “molly house”?
a place where mollies gathered and were seen as safe havens
75
What went on inside molly houses?
cross-dressing, female personas, sexual acts, mock weddings
76
Among the Aka and the Ngandu, sexual activity is equated with reproduction. Because sexual
activity has this meaning, can we conclude that homosexuality is non-existent?
just because aka and ngandu sexual activity is equated with reproduction does not mean that solely focusing on reproduction means there is no homosexuality. although in the culture its rare or non-existent there are cultural norms and societal structures that can influence homosexuality to not be expressed
77
If a culture has no word for “homosexual behaviour” or “homosexuality”, can we conclude that homosexual behaviour and homosexuality are non-existent in that culture?
it makes it hard for them to understand and confirm if the behaviours do exist because they are unable to comprehend, this may be because the behaviour does not exist or be unrecognized
78
What demographic factors might have affected the Hewlett’s inability to find homosexual behaviour or homosexual individuals among their study population?
due to such small population sizes people may find it hard to find others that feel similar to them
79
Hewlett & Hewlett argue that Aka and Ngandu know about 400-500 individuals “which means
that, theoretically, a person with homosexual desires might find another person with the same.”
Even if two such people find each other, does that mean that they will have sex? If not, why?
in the case where it may not be recognized or acceptable it can be seen where they may attempt to suppress the feelings or even not know how to do it
80
How did Danny’s gender non-conformity manifest?
he enjoyed activities that leaned more towards 'female"
81
prospective study on boyhood gender non-conformity by Dr. Richard Green
aimed to understand developmental trajectories of boys who exhibited girl behaviours, he found that a significant number of boys who were non-conforming were homosexual in adulthood although not all
82
Gender Identity Disorder vs childhood gender non-conformity
part of the DSM-5 described as an incongruence between ones experienced/expressed gender aand distress or impairment. gender non-conformity is when a childs behaviours/ interests do not match what they should do societally
83
Dr. George Reker’s clinical intervention on the gender non-conforming boys
used rewards and punishments to extinguish feminine behaviour. rewards for masc behaviours and punishment for feminine. did not work in the long-term
84
Dr. Ken Zucker’s clinical approach to boys with GID? How is it distinct from more conservative and more liberal approaches
he wanted children to feel comfortable w their assigned gender while allowing some cross gender behaviours. he attempted to find a conservative liberal balance
85
Why does Dr. Ken Zucker consider transsexualism a “bad outcome” for gender non-conforming
children?
Believed that alignment between born gender and identity is better and stigmatized transsexualism
86
What is childhood separation anxiety?
feelings if distress and apprehension when separated from attachment figures
87
What sex and sexual orientation differences in separation anxiety have been previously
documented?
PREVIOUSLY: cis gender and transgender androphilic males recall higher levels comapred to gynephilic males - suggests that there is a link between androphillia and elevated childhood separation anxiety.
88
Where was this research conducted?
Who were the participants?
How did this study measure recalled childhood childhood separation anxiety?
- Conducted the Istmo Zapotec if mexico, there were 454 particpants including men, women, muxe gunaa (trans androphilic men) and muxe nguiiu (cis transgender males)
- used self-report
89
What group patterns in mean separation anxiety scores were observed?
men recalled lower levels of childhood separation compared to other groups. No sig diff was found in women, muxe guanaa, and muxe nguiiu
90
Why do the authors believe that parenting styles are unlikely to be the causal mechanism underlying patterns of means recalled childhood separation anxiety scores?
they argued it was the primary cause because when muxe guanaa, and muxe nguiiu are expressed their may be different parental responses. although it is suggested there are other factors at play
91
What do the authors suggest explains male sexual orientation differences in recalled indicators of childhood separation anxiety among the Istmo Zapotec?
suggest the elevated childhood separation found in androphilic males is potentially linked to neurodevelopmental factors
92
Why do the authors emphasize Item 2 of the separation anxiety scale? What’s noteworthy about
this item?
item 2 specifically addresses distress related to sleeping away from home or primary caregivers. it is highlighted bc it showed the most sig diff between men and women
93
Why is it unlikely that selective recall bias and memory distortion can explain the results of this
study?
it is too consistent across cultures in different forms of studies
94
Why do the authors suggest that childhood separation anxiety is a normative part of androphilic
males’ developmental lifecourse?
such anxiety may be an inherent aspect of their developmental trajectory, possibly linked to underlying neurodevelopmental factors associated with male androphilia
95
Describe the childhood behavior of lesbians? What activities interest them? Which activities do
they dislike?
they have prefrence to actions and dressing like boys and have less interest in doing things related to more feminine things.
96
How does the childhood behavior of lesbians compare to heterosexual women, heterosexual men
and homosexual men?
heterosexual women/men prefer to do things consistent with their gender whereas homosexual men preferred doing things that that was typical for the other gender
97
Are lesbians more similar to: (1) heterosexual women in their own culture or (2) lesbians in
other cultures? What does this suggest about the etiology of childhood behavior in lesbians?
cross-cultural studies revealed that lesbians from different cultural backgrounds exhibited similar patterns of childhood gender nonconformity. this shows that there may be biological factors and an innate predisposition to homosexuality
98
What does the case of David Reimer (the John/Joan case) tell us about the role of socialization in the development of sexual orientation?
david lost his penis to a botched circumcision, he was then raised a girl because it was thought gender identity is shaped by socialization, even though he was raised a girl he still identified as male. This suggests that socialization cannot override biological factors
99
What does the case of David Reimer tell us about the role of biology in the development of gender identity and gender role enactment?
His case indicates that innate biological elements can supersede socialization efforts, highlighting the complex interplay between biology and environment in shaping gender identity
100
What is cloacal exstrophy?
How are male babies with cloacal exstrophy typically raised?
a rare congential where abdominal organs, including the bladder and intestines, are exposed due to incomplete development of the lower abdominal wall genetic males with cloacal exstrophy were often assigned and raised as females
101
What does William Reiner’s research on boys with cloacal exstrophy tell us about the role of socialization in the development of sexual orientation?
Although males with exstrophy were raised female they often identified as male later in development. This suggests that even though they're socialized as female the biological factors have a sig influence
102
What does William Reiner’s research on boys with cloacal exstrophy tell us about the role of biology in the development of gender identity and gender role enactment?
demonstrates that a substantial number of genetic males with cloacal exstrophy, assigned female at birth, later identified as male and exhibited male-typical behaviors.
103
What does Sambian culture’s prescribed period of male homosexuality entail?
young males go through initiation rituals that include homosexual practices. these rites are believed to transition them into manhood. it is culturally mandated and seen as separate from ones sexual orientation.
104
Why does Sambian culture’s prescribed period of male homosexuality exist?
The purpose of these practices is to ensure the successful initiation of boys into manhood
105
What is Gilbert Herdt’s key claim about male sexual orientation among the Sambians in particular, and human males in general?
that sexual orientation is not fixed in early childhood but is instead malleable and subject to cultural shaping, can be influenced and directed by societal norms and beliefs
106
Why does Giles argue that Herdt’s key claims “have no basis in the data”? What
evidence does Giles present to support his position?
Giles argues that Herdt's conclusions lack empirical support and are based on biased interpretations, Herdt's assertion—that Sambian boys develop homosexual desires during initiation and later transition to heterosexuality contradicts existing research. there is no concrete evidence.
107
Why does Giles argue that Sambian male sexual behavior should not be confused with male bisexuality in the West?
initiation rites are culturally mandated and do not necessarily reflect individual sexual preferences In contrast, male bisexuality in Western contexts typically pertains to personal sexual attractions and voluntary behaviours. so, you cannot make a comparison
108
Why does Giles criticize Herdt’s use of the terms “homoeroticism” and “homoerotic” to describe prescribed male homosexuality among the Sambian?
Giles criticizes Herdt's use of terms like "homoeroticism" to describe Sambian initiation practices, arguing that these terms imply an element of personal sexual desire that may not be present. this term is too westernized
109
Given all the evidence Giles presents against Herdt’s claims, why do you think Herdt made the claims that he did?
Herdt's claims may stem from an anthropological perspective that seeks to highlight the profound influence of culture on human behavior, including sexuality.
110
What does erotic plasticity mean?
refers to the extent to which an individual's sex drive can be shaped by cultural, social, and situational factors
111
What evidence is there that women exhibit more sexual plasticity than men?
cultural variability, religious influence, attitude-behaviour inconsistency, sexual orientation fluidity
112
What does Baumeister think about the evidence that male sexuality is fluid?
influenced by sociocultural factors that are more rigid, sexual desire is more biological resulting in lower erotic plasticity.
113
What does Baumeister think about the evidence that female sexuality is fluid?
is adaptable, shaped by culture, social, and situational factors resulting in a higher erotic plasticity.
114
What hypotheses does Baumeister advance to explain why women are more sexually
plastic than men?
1. weaker sex drive
2. adaptive flexibility - may be more evolved
3. socialization and gender roles - more responsive to social cues
115
Which hypothesis does Baumeister favour and why?
weaker sex drive
116
What evidence is there that men’s sex drive is stronger than women’s sex drive?
frequency of sexual thought, masturbation rates, desire for sexual partner, initiation of sexual activity.
117
What does Baumeister mean when he says: “In sex, at least, men are more natural and women
are more cultural”
implies that men's sexual behaviors are more directly driven by biological factors, reflecting a stronger innate sex drive. In contrast, women's sexual behaviors are more influenced by cultural and social factors, indicating greater adaptability and responsiveness to external influences.
