exam 2 Flashcards
(130 cards)
1
Q
list the steps in color perception in the correct order
A
Detection, discrimination, appearance
2
Q
Which photoreceptors are most active when looking at a blue sky?
A
S-cones. S-cones are specialized to receive short wavelengths. Blue is a short wavelength.
3
Q
Which color pair is farthest apart in wavelength?
A
Blue and red
4
Q
The principle of univariance refers to the fact that
A
an infinite set of different wavelength–intensity combinations can elicit the same response from a single type of photoreceptor.
5
Q
_______ are different mixtures of wavelengths that look identical.
A
Metamers
5
Q
According to the principle of univariance, which genetic difference in color vision would cause someone to be truly color-blind?
A
Cone monochromat
6
Q
When adding colors, blue and yellow create white through _______ color mixing and create green through _______ color mixing.
A
additive; subtractive
7
Q
According to the trichromacy theory, the color of any light is defined in our visual system..
A
by the relationships among three numbers of a set.
8
Q
correctly list the color-opponent pairs coded by the visual system
A
Blue versus yellow; red versus green; black versus white
9
Q
In the hue cancellation experiments described in the textbook, if the starting color were too reddish, you would add
A
green
10
Q
_______ is the inability to perceive colors due to damage to the central nervous system.
A
Achromatopsia
11
Q
______ is the idea that basic perceptual experiences may be determined in part by the cultural environment
A
Cultural relativism
12
Q
example of Cultural relativism
A
there are only a dozen basic colors, and other colors may not have a name if that culture does not recognize them as distinct categories.
12
Q
A(n) _______ is an individual who suffers from color blindness that is due to the absence of M-cones.
A
deuteranope
13
Q
What is the term for an inability to name objects or colors despite being able to see and recognize them?
A
Anomia
14
Q
Which term describes the experience of seeing colors when hearing music or perceiving a letter as having a color, even if it is printed in black ink?
A
Synesthesia
15
Q
____ is a color perception effect in which the color of one region induces the opponent color in a neighboring region.
A
Color contrast
16
Q
____ is a color perception effect in which two colors bleed into each other, each taking on some of the chromatic quality of the other.
A
Color assimilation
17
Q
_____ is the difference between the two retinal images of the same scene and is the basis of stereopsis.
A
Binocular disparity
17
Q
A(n) _______ is a visual image seen after the stimulus has been removed.
A
afterimage
18
Q
The tendency of a surface to appear the same color under a fairly wide range of illuminations is known as
A
color constancy
19
Q
What is the function relating the wavelength of light to the percentage of that wavelength that is reflected from the surface
A
Spectral reflectance function
20
Q
Which of the following is not a monocular cue?
A
Convergence
21
Q
When an artist paints trees on a landscape extending into the distance, she distributes the trees vertically to simulate _______, and makes trees that are farther away smaller, simulating _______.
A
relative height; relative size
21
Suppose you are looking at a road that recedes into the distance. Which depth cue describes the way the edges of the road seem to converge in the retinal image?
Linear perspective
22
_____ provide(s) precise quantitative information about distance in the third dimension.
Metrical depth cues
23
which depth cue can provide information about precise distance from the observer?
Familiar size
24
Which depth cue gives you the most precise metrical information about object distance?
Stereopsis
25
______ is an important depth cue that comes into play during head movements or while moving through an environment.
Motion parallax
26
What is Panum's fusional area?
The small area around the horopter where images from each eye are fused into a single image.
27
The difference between crossed disparity and uncrossed disparity is that crossed disparity involves objects that are _______ the plane of fixation, while uncrossed disparity involves objects that are _______ the plane of fixation
in front of; behind
27
The problem of determining which bit of the image in the left eye should be matched with which bit of image in the right eye is known as the
correspondence problem.
28
Virtual reality headsets have a separate display for each eye. What is another technical name for such a device?
Stereoscope
29
A random dot stereogram contain
no monocular cues.
30
If you are able to free-fuse a display and get it to appear in focus but not perceive any apparent depth, then you might be
stereoblind
31
_______ is based on the idea that prior knowledge could influence the estimates of the probability of a current event.
The Bayesian approach
32
_______ is a measure of the smallest binocular disparity that can generate a sensation of depth.
Stereoacuity
33
_______ refers to the presentation of two stimuli, one to each eye.
Dichoptic
34
Attention is generally thought of as
consisting of a family of selection mechanisms
34
If the two eyes are not aligned properly the brain tends to ignore information from one eye. This phenomenon is known as
suppression
35
_____ attention involves restricting processing to a subset of the possible stimuli.
Selective
36
In a _______ task, the target is defined by the presence of a single feature, or attribute, such as a salient color or orientation.
feature search
36
A _______ is a stimulus that might indicate where (or what) a subsequent stimulus might be.
cue
36
This is the amount of time between the onset of one stimulus and the onset of a second stimulus.
Stimulus Onset Asynchrony (SOA)
37
When measuring reaction time (RT), we measure the
time from the onset of a stimulus to a response
38
In an “efficient” search, the slope of the function relating _______ time to set size is about 0 ms/item.
reaction
39
In a(n) _______ search, multiple stimuli are processed at the same time.
parallel
40
If you are searching for your car keys and you restrict your attention to horizontal surfaces near the front door, you are using
scene-based guidance
41
According to Treisman’s feature integration theory
a limited set of features can be processed in parallel preattentively
42
The _______ problem refers to the challenge of tying different attributes of visual stimuli (e.g., color, orientation, motion), which are handled by different brain circuits, to the appropriate object so that we perceive a unified object (e.g., blue, horizontal, moving to the left).
binding
43
Seeing a blue cup when the cupboard contains blue mugs and yellow cups, but no blue cups, is referred to as a(n)
illusory conjunction
44
Research suggests that you could reduce the magnitude of your attentional blink by
playing action video games
44
The _______ is the difficulty in perceiving and responding to the second of two target stimuli amid a rapid stream of stimuli if the observer has responded to the first target stimulus within 200 to 500 ms before the second stimulus is presented.
attentional blink
45
Suppose you are looking at an image of a face superimposed on a house. What would we expect to happen in terms of neural activity if you are attending to the house?
The PPA becomes more active
46
The average and distribution of properties, like orientation or color, over a set of objects or a region in a scene are called the _______ of the scene and is/are computed by the _______ pathway.
ensemble statistics; nonselective
47
____ describes the structure of a scene without reference to the identity of specific objects in the scene.
Spatial layout
48
Change blindness is a failure to
notice a change between two scenes
49
The impression of smooth motion that comes from the rapid alternation of objects appearing in nearby locations in rapid succession is
apparent motion.
49
__ refers to the failure to notice—or at least to report—a stimulus that would be easily reportable if it were attended.
Inattentional blindness
50
_ is the illusion that a stationary object is moving and occurs after prolonged exposure to a moving object.
Motion aftereffect
51
that a strong motion aftereffect is obtained when one eye is adapted and the other is tested suggests that
the motion aftereffect occurs in a part of the visual system where information from the two eyes is combined.
52
Which brain region is most specialized for motion processing?
Middle temporal area (area V5/MT)
53
Damage to area MT/V5 can result in this neurological disorder, in which you no longer perceive motion.
Akinetopsia
54
What is the “aperture problem”?
Local edge motion seen through a single aperture is ambiguous.
55
The problem faced by the motion detection system of knowing which feature in Frame 2 corresponds to a particular feature in Frame 1 is known as the _______ problem.
correspondence
56
_____ is motion of an object that is defined by changes in contrast or texture, but not by luminance.
Second-order motion
57
____ describes the changing angular positions of points in a perspective image that we experience as we move through the world.
Optic flow
58
A field of globally moving dots can make stationary targets in the periphery seem to disappear in a phenomenon known as
motion-induced blindness.
59
What does tau tell you?
Time to collision
60
The _______ of the brain is important for initiating and guiding eye movements.
superior colliculus
60
The motion we interpret as people moving around from a few animated dots is called _______ motion.
biological
61
If you hear a loud noise and rapidly shift your eyes to point in the direction of where the noise came from, which kind of eye movement are you making?
Saccade
62
The reduction of visual sensitivity that occurs when we make saccadic eye movements is called
saccadic suppression
63
An area of the visual system that receives one copy of the order issued by the motor system when the eyes move is called
a comparator
64
The purpose of the comparator is to _______ eye movements.
keep track of which image movements on the retina are due to
65
Receptive field updating occurs when receptive fields transiently remap towards the point of fixation and
neurons shift their receptive fields just before a saccade.
66
Which statement about the development of motion perception in humans is false?
Sensitivity to visual motion is fully developed at birth.
67
true statements about the development of motion perception in humans
- reflexive eye movements to moving targets are present in newborns.
- Sensitivity to global motion matures at about 3–4 years of age.
- V1 neurons in newborns have adult-like sensitivity.
- Sensitivity to motion-defined form and biological motion takes more than three years to develop.
68
These cells are in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
Cone Opponent Cells
69
Painters use this contrast technique to give mountain ranges in the distance a sense of distance.
Atmospheric/Aerial perspective
70
In a simple feature search (in contrast to a conjunction search), reaction time remains constant (RT 0) regardless of the number of distracters since the target "pops out" because of this characteristic.
salience
71
This is a powerful illusion of motion in the visual image caused by prior exposure to motion in the opposite direction
motion aftereffect?
72
This visual condition, also known as double vision, occurs when the brain receives mismatched images from the two eyes and fails to combine them into a single image.
diplopia
73
Bilateral V4 damage in Ventral Pathway results in this
Cortical achromatopsia
74
These are both oculomotor depth cues
accommodation and convergence
75
This type of search takes people more and more reaction time as the number of features increase.
conjunction search
76
This visual challenge occurs when only part of a moving object is visible, making it difficult to perceive its true motion
aperture problem
77
Severe bilateral damage to this area can result in simultanagnosia
Posterior Parietal Lobe area
78
Simultanagnosia
Inability to perceive multiple objects at once, disrupting scene comprehension. One of 3 main symptoms of Balint's Syndrome
79
Any pair of stimuli perceived as matching in color, but having different (nonmatching) spectral power distributions, such as a red-green light mix that looks yellow.
metamers
80
While walking past a fence, nearby objects like fence posts seem to move quickly across your field of vision, while distant buildings appear to move much slower. This phenomenon helps provide depth information.
motion parallax
81
This type of attention impairs performance when trying to focus on multiple tasks at once, regardless of how much practice you have.
Divided Attention
82
This aspect of optical flow remains stationary while everything else moves outward from that point as a person moves through space.
Focus of Expansion
83
This apparent motion illusion turns a "hole' into an object.
Phi Phenomenon
84
This principle explains why a single photoreceptor cannot differentiate between changes in intensity and changes in wavelength, leading to color vision deficiency if only one type of cone is available.
Principle of Univariance
85
In a random dot stereogram, this process allows you to perceive depth by matching points once between the two retinal images.
correspondence matching/correspondence point matching
86
You are focused on organizing your papers on your desk into seperate piles, and you fail to notice a mouse on a nearly empty plate that is clearly visible. This is an example of
inattentional blindness
87
In a study on motion perception, monkeys with lesions to this brain area required ten times as many dots in a correlated dot motion display to correctly identify motion direction.
MT (middle temporal) area
88
This is the most salient of all features
motion
89
This term refers to how much energy a light source emits at each wavelength across the visible spectrum—it's what determines the color quality and appearance of the light.
Spectral Power Distribution/ Distribution of Spectral Density
90
The region of space, in front of and behind the horopter, within which binocular single vision is possible.
Panum's Fusional Are
91
Initiating and guiding reflexive eye movements are controlled mainly by this brain structure
Superior Colliculus
92
Severe bilateral damage to Media Temporal (MT) area results in this
Akinetopsia
93
Akinetopsia
inability to perceive motion
94
The M-Path relies on this since it cannot see color very well
contrast
95
You can add more lights to cancel out the original light's color through this process, such as using cyan to cancel red or blue to cancel yellow.
additive color mixing
96
This term describes the slight difference between the images seen by each eye, which the brain uses to perceive depth.
binocular disparity
97
These regions in the visual cortex can change in size and location based on attentional demands, focus, and the presence of distracting stimuli.
receptive fields
98
These rapid, jerky eye movements shift the focus of vision from one point to another, occurring when scanning a scene or reading.
saccades
99
This phenomenon keeps us from perceiving a blur or smear across the visual field during rapid eye movements by briefly reducing visual sensitivity.
saccadic suppression
100
When you place a blue square next to a yellow background, this effect makes the blue appear more vivid and distinct.
color contrast
101
These depth cues, such as occlusion, relative size, and linear perspective, can be perceived using just one eye.
monocular depth cues
102
This phenomenon occurs when a visual change in a scene goes unnoticed, especially when attention is diverted or focused elsewhere.
change blindness
103
This type of motion, defined by texture change instead of luminance change, is only seen in the lab
second-order motion
104
This brain region is involved with perceiving the motion of people and animals.
posterior superior temporal sulcus/ STSp
105
These have no disparity and therefore can't contribute to binocular vision.
objects on the horopter/corresponding points
105
These two vision deficiencies would make it difficult for someone to distinguish between red and green colors.
deuteranopia or protanopia
106
This theory proposes that while basic visual features like color and shape can be processed without focused attention, binding these features together to perceive a coherent object requires selective attention.
Feature Integration Theory
107
This phenomenon ensures that the perceived color of objects remains relatively stable under varying lighting conditions.
color constancy
107
This phenomenon occurs when stationary objects in your visual field disappear from awareness as a result of surrounding motion.
motion-induced blindness
108
We use this to calculate Time To Collision.
Tau
109
This approach to perception uses prior knowledge and probabilities to interpret ambiguous sensory information and make predictions about the most likely outcome
Bayesian approach
110
In scene perception, this attention pathway processes object identity, loosely similar to the 'what' pathway in visual processing.
selective pathway
111
This brain area becomes active when processing complex motion, such as when navigating through your environment while walking.
MST, medial superior temporal area
112
This phenomenon occurs when a second target is missed if it appears within 200–500 milliseconds after a first target in a rapid stream of stimuli, due to a temporary gap in attention.
attentional blink
113
This term describes the percentage of light that a surface reflects at each wavelength, helping determine the color we perceive
spectral reflectance/density of reflected light
114
These do not prioritize any one cue over others across contexts.
Perceptual Committees
115
This early selection model of attention suggests that information is filtered based on physical attributes before reaching higher levels of processing
Broadbent's Filter Model
116
This mechanism explains how the brain uses a copy of motor commands to prevent confusion between actual motion in the environment and motion caused by eye movements.
Corollary Discharge Signal
117
This is the inability to perceive depth using binocular disparity
stereo blindness
