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Flashcards in Exam 2 Deck (90)
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1
Q

what is a mediation model?

A

a model that attempts to explain the mechanism underlying an observed relationship between an IV and DV

2
Q

what is an example of a mediation model?

A

connection between work place stress and work output – the mediator variable is sleep

3
Q

what is moderation?

A

when one variable (a moderator variable) influence or alters the pattern between two other variables

4
Q

what is an example of moderation?

A

sex or gender

5
Q

what is a stressor?

A

event and experiences that happen in the world that we respond to

6
Q

what is a stress response (strain)

A

affective, behavioral, cognitive, or biological responses to stressors

7
Q

environmental approach on stress

A

events and experiences

8
Q

psychological approach on stress

A

subjective evaluations of coping ability

9
Q

physiological approach on stress

A

activation of biological systems, can be measured retrospectively or in the moment

10
Q

why is the social readjustment rating scale criticized?

A

stress effects different people in different ways, positive and negative events are listed on the same scale, and subjectivity not woven into scale

11
Q

primary appraisal

A

evaluation of the event; how important is this?

12
Q

secondary appraisal

A

assessment of abilities/resources for coping; how well do i feel that i can cope with it

13
Q

define maladaptive people

A

major depression, anxiety disorders, type A people

14
Q

describe the story of John Henry

A

the folk hero that tried to outrun a stream drill tunneling through a mountain and although he beat the machine, he died from trying too hard – internal locus of control

15
Q

define internal locus of control

A

the feeling that you put your mind to something so hard and with so much determination that you never give up until you succeed. a good thing in a comfortable, middle-class world because you don’t give up and you get rewarded but bad in poverty

16
Q

define repressive personalities

A

structured, planners, rule-bound lives, people want to be them and have their discipline bc everything comes so easy. when exposed to a challenge they show unusual large increase in HR, BP and sweating

17
Q

1st major approach to examining the inter-relationships between stress, health and aging

A

major life events that are relatively rare in their occurrence and that require significant life adjustments ex: divorce or death of a spouse

18
Q

2nd major approach to examining the inter-relationships between stress, health and aging & 2 types

A

everyday events or quotidian stressors – 2 types = chronic stress and daily hassles

19
Q

what is a chronic stress?

A

ongoing persistent situation ex: caregiving for an ill spouse

20
Q

what is a daily hassle?

A

minor events that arise from day-to-day living ex: meeting work deadlines

21
Q

define fight or flight

A

Walter Cannon; enhances energy, vigor and strength; ANS suppresses parasympathetic activity (decreases HR) and increases sympathetic activity (increases HR) and releases epinephrine, coritsol and nor epinephrine

22
Q

how to T-cells relate to the physiological approach of stress?

A

they have receptors for stress hormones telling them to down or up regulate

23
Q

define allostasis

A

process of adjustment and adaptation to meet external demands

24
Q

define allostatic load

A

a wearing down of bodily systems due to continual accommodations of the physiological systems in response to stressors

25
Q

how to study allostasis

A

measure the total number of biomarkers for which an individual scores in the uppermost and lowermost extreme – can compare allostatic load or biomarkers with other people and that will show veralp stress levels

26
Q

what is a eustress?

A

a stress with positive effects ex: performances

27
Q

define optimum level of arousal

A

being a little stressed out can be helpful to perform better (running a race); moderate amount of arousal to help you

28
Q

what is the general adaption syndrome?

A

stress is in 3 phases: alarm- body mobilizes to confront the stress; resistance- actively confronting the threat and resistance is high; and if the threat continues the body moves into exhaustion

29
Q

who made the general adaption syndrome?

A

Hans Selye in 1930-1960s

30
Q

what 3 ways does a stress move from acute to chronic?

A

repeated, slow/no adaptation or delayed/failed to return to homeostasis

31
Q

explain the Lutgendorf and Costanzo figure about Biopyschosocial Model

A

psychosocial (optimism & anxiety) + biological (sex & age) + health behaviors (sleep & diet) –> life stress (acute & chronic) –> health psychology interventions (meditation & relaxation) –> neuroendocrine (cortisol & dopamine) and immune mechanisms (wound healing & tumor growth) –> vulnerability –> disease onset symptoms –> progression/exacerbation & recovery quality of life –> survival/quality of life

32
Q

allostatic load in 2012 takes what 4 things into account but not what 1 thing?

A

sympathetic/parasympathetic NS, inflammation, blood glucose and HR but NOT psychological measures

33
Q

what is the relationship between SES and allostatic load?

A

those who have lower SES and who have experienced a traumatic event in childhood have higher allostatic load scores

34
Q

what does the study of stress in the 1980s concentrate on?

A

emphasis on the role of stress in illness and the coping strategies

35
Q

what does the study of stress in the 1990-2010 add?

A

consideration of individual differences and more inclusive amylases of biological responses

36
Q

what is the diathesis-stress model

A

explains behavior as a predispositional vulnerability together with stress experiences

37
Q

what are pre-disposing factors?

A

being genetically prone to something ex: rats being genetically prone to hypertension

38
Q

what are precipitating factors?

A

being prone to something but not developing it until exposed to another factor ex: rats being genetically prone to hypertension but not developing it until exposed to high salt or stress

39
Q

what is the #1 killer in america?

A

cardio vascular disease

40
Q

why did the earthquake in 1994 cause 26 people to have heart attacks on the day but only 2 the next day?

A

everyone who had predisposing factors to a heart attack had one that day

41
Q

define face-valid and give example

A

something that is on the surface, looking like it actually is (obvious what the research or study is looking for) ex: giving alcohol to mice ISNT face-valid because mice don’t drink alcohol

42
Q

define mechanistic model and give example

A

trying to figure out what the underlying mechanism is ex: what is the role of dopamine in nicotine addiction?

43
Q

define inference models and give example

A

models with free-standing indices ex: you can infer something about humans from animal models (even if model isn’t very face valid)

44
Q

define free-standing indices

A

behavioral or biological responses as indices of changes that may be used t infer processes that relate to humans ex: a change in body weight

45
Q

how do you get rodent’s to drink alcohol?

A

the two bottle choice method – water vs. alcohol with a sugar solution in it

46
Q

why aren’t rodents totally face valid?

A

because humans have social context that affects decisions too but rodents do not

47
Q

what 3 things can be taught about studying drunk rodents?

A

tolerance and dependence, liver diseases, & how very low amounts of alcohol are associated with heart benefits

48
Q

5 downsides of animal models

A

ethical considerations, validity to human issues, limitations of certain models, which specie to use, which method of alcohol administration

49
Q

what are social stress models of rodents?

A

they develop a type of hierarchy/social structure

50
Q

what happens to a restraint model rodent?

A

it is put in a device where they can’t turn around, there i.e. no pain but just makes the feel uncomfortable

51
Q

what happens to a isolated stress rodent?

A

you put them alone – they hate it

52
Q

3 advantages of animal models

A

important for alcohol and drug dependence because they allow researchers to use methods that cannot be used on humans, can be genetically manipulated and can use methods unethical to use on humans

53
Q

what are 2 key problems with testing rodents with alcohol?

A

the researcher determines the alcohol intake which is different than humans determining it themselves AND environmental elements play a role in tolerance

54
Q

what are the 3 phases of wound healing?

A

inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling

55
Q

how long is the inflammatory phase?

A

hours to days

56
Q

what happens in the inflammatory phase?

A

neutrophils secrete chemicals to kill bacteria and foreign particles are engulfed by macrophages

57
Q

how long is the proliferative phase?

A

days to weeks

58
Q

what happens in the proliferative phase?

A

fibroblasts increase in the wound and secrete glycoproteins and collagen

59
Q

how long is the remodeling phase?

A

weeks to months

60
Q

what happens in the remodeling phase?

A

collagen is released to strength the wound and the wound finally closes

61
Q

skin wounds vs. alzheimer’s caregivers

A

alzheimer’s caregivers healed 24% slower than age-matched controls

62
Q

mucosal wounds vs school stress

A

2nd year dental students healed oral mucosal wounds 40% slower when wounded 3 days prior to exams vs. summer vacation

63
Q

higher perceived stress predicted what two things?

A

slower healing and lower levels of 1L-1a and 1L-8 in wound sit

64
Q

3 reasons to use isolation stress?

A

to test loneliness in humans (morbidity & mortality), it’s a naturalistic stressor, and mice are often separated in scientific studies to prevent potentially confounding interactions

65
Q

what concluded from the restraint mice?

A

they lost weight, increased bacteria, and inflammation increased

66
Q

what concluded from the isolated mice?

A

inflammation reduced and bacteria counts lowered

67
Q

why does isolation impair wound healing?

A

through alterations in re-epithelialization and wound contraction

68
Q

how does bacterial burden affect healing?

A

lower bacterial burden doesn’t account for slower healing in the group

69
Q

what was the Cahill and McGaugh research studying?

A

declarative memory – the ability to remember facts

70
Q

how did the Cahill and McGaugh research work?

A

ice water was used as the stressor – people put arm in ice water AFTER seeing various images which they were later asked to recall

71
Q

what does the ice water trigger?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine response

72
Q

what is the role of stress and the amygdala?

A

stress stimulates the amygdala which is close to the hippocampus

73
Q

why is it important to remember events that cause strong emotions?

A

so you can cope and feel better prepared for the future if it happens again

74
Q

what happened in the Tuskegee syphilis study?

A

black male participants who participated weren’t given penicillin even though it was available, to treat their illness and suffered

75
Q

what is a randomized controlled trial (RCT)?

A

subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group or a control group – gold standard for assessing value of a medical intervention

76
Q

what does the Avigen 411 drug do?

A

potential to help with opioid withdraw and drug addiction

77
Q

what does the glial cell regulator do?

A

reduces inflammatory actions of glial cells and seems to act by increasing IL-10 and neurotropic factors

78
Q

why use a placebo?

A

to stop physiological and psychological health

79
Q

what is an advantage of randomized control experiment?

A

you can have a greater sense of causality

80
Q

what is a statistical significance?

A

the probability that the effects you observed between the two groups would have occurred by chance (less than 5% chance is statistically significant)

81
Q

what is a clinical significance?

A

if there really is a difference between a self-reported pain of 9 to 7.5 – example

82
Q

what are telomeres?

A

the ends of the linear chromosome

83
Q

what 3 functions does have telomere have?

A

protects the chromosome, has DNA-based caps and protein structure at the chromosome tip and the lengths shorten with each cell division until the Hayflick limit

84
Q

what a the Hayflick limit?

A

cannot divide anymore, where the cell arrests and enters senescence

85
Q

what is telemerase?

A

the enzyme with RNA and protein components

86
Q

what 2 things does the telemerase do?

A

maintains an elongates telomeres and adds telomeric repeat directly to DNA sequence

87
Q

what is the relationship between telomere length and mortality?

A

the shorter the telomere length and greater chance of mortality (dying)

88
Q

what is the relationship between telomere length and age?

A

there is no correlation with chronological age but the shorter the telomere length, the older the BIOLOGICAL age (marker of “wear and tear” on body)

89
Q

what is a HeLa cell?

A

a cell named after Henrietta Lacks, who has cervical cancer. it is a cancer cell that have an active version of telomerase during cell division, which prevents the shortening of telomeres that comes with aging and avoids Hayflick Limit

90
Q

what was special about Jeanne Calment?

A

she was the woman who lived until 120 something, she has fight or flight but somehow it does not effect her telomeres