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Geol 101 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q 
After granite has weathered and most of the igneous minerals have been altered to other minerals, which igneous mineral will probably NOT have been affected?
potassium feldspar
mica
amphibole
quartz
plagioclase
A

quartz

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2
Q 
The minerals hematite and limonite result from the chemical weathering of iron-rich minerals like olivine or pyrite by what process?
oxidation
dissolution
electrolysis
exsolution
exfoliation
A

oxidation

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3
Q 
Which of the following common rocks would be most susceptible to chemical weathering?
sandstone
slate
granite
shale
lilmestone
A

limestone

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4
Q

Chemical weathering would progress most rapidly in which location?
the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, western USA
northern South America
New Mexico, southern USA
the Great Lakes, northern USA
Greenland

A

N South AMERICA

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5
Q

How is ice wedging important in preparing rocks for chemical weathering?
It resists downslope movements
It produces swelling as certain minerals are altered to clay
It enlarges fractures and cracks, thereby increasing the surface area of the rock
It reduces the rock to its constituent minerals

A

It enlarges fractures and cracks, thereby increasing the surface area of the rock

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6
Q 
The general term for the blanket of loose rock debris that covers large areas of Earth's surface is
bedrock
regolith
outcrop
lithic
laterite
A

regolith

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7
Q 
A talus accumulation consists largely of
coarse, angular rock fragments
soil
a mixture of silt and ice
alternate layers of clay and sand
clay rich in colloids
A

coarse, angular rock fragments

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8
Q

Which of the following is NOT a type of physical weathering?
conversion of feldspar minerals to clay and soluble material
frost action
exfoliation/unloading
tree roots
none of these

A

conversion of feldspar

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9
Q

Ice wedging would be most effective in
the permafrost areas of the north
areas where freezing and thawing occur many times a year
areas where it is cold enough to produce long periods below 0° C
areas beneath the glaciers in Antarctica and Greenland
latitudes where strong heating occurs

A

areas where freezing and thawing occur many times a year

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10
Q

Weathering is a near-surface phenomenon, but in some regions chemical decomposition may operate tens of meters below the surface if
erosion removes the surface material
the rocks are rounded
uplift occurs
the rocks are highly fractured
calcium carbonate is a major constituent of the rock

A

the rocks are highly fractured

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11
Q 
Which of the following types of mass movement takes place most gradually?
slump
creep
rock slide
mudflow
A

creep

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12
Q 
The immediate cause of incidents of mass movement is \_\_\_\_\_.
electromagnetic attraction
gravitation
magnetism
friction
A

gravitation

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13
Q

The principal difference between a lahar and a mudflow is the _____.
shape of the path taken by the moving mass
grain size of the moving mass
former mass contains abundant water whereas the latter is dry
former mass contains pyroclastic debris from a volcanic eruption

A

former mass contains pyroclastic debris from a volcanic eruption

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14
Q

The type of mass movement shown in this drawing is a
(picture of right angle rocks fragments falling down a wall)

mud flow.
debris slide.
slump.
rockslide.

A

rockslide

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15
Q 
Which of the following types of mass movement travels down a curved surface?
slump
creep
rock slide
mudflow
A

slump

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16
Q 
Strictly speaking, which of the following types of mass movement is a landslide?
slump
creep
rock slide
mudflow
A

rock slide

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17
Q 
Which of the following factors decreases the risk of mass movement?
nearby earthquakes
excavation into the base of a hill
adding weight to the top of a hill
adding vegetation to the side of a hill
A

adding vegetation to the side of a hill

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18
Q

Which of the following increases the risk of mass movement?
adding a small amount of moisture to loose, dry sediment
waves breaking before they reach sea cliffs
flooding the sediment with water beyond saturation
reducing the grade of the slope

A

flooding the sediment with water beyond saturation

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19
Q 
The flat-lying area surrounding a river channel is termed the \_\_\_\_\_.
base level
floodplain
stream gradient
thalweg
A

floodplain

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20
Q 
The lowest elevation to which a stream can downcut is the \_\_\_\_\_.
base level
floodplain
stream gradient
thalweg
A

base level

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21
Q

Braided streams _____.
are those that “steal” water from other streams, which they intersect
have a main channel that is highly sinuous (curvy)
have flowing water either episodically or during a portion of the year
consist of a series of intertwined channels that are overloaded with sediment

A

CONSIST OF A series of intertwined channnels that are overloaded with sediment

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22
Q

Within a meander, where is sediment most likely to be deposited?
on the outer banks of the meander
on the inner banks of the meander
uniformly to either side of the meander

A

on the inner banks of the meander

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23
Q 
Sediment buildup on either side of a stream channel produces \_\_\_\_\_.
meander necks
cut banks
natural levees
abandoned meanders
A

natural leaves

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24
Q 
In the region immediately surrounding an isolated volcano, a \_\_\_\_\_ drainage network is expected.
dendritic
radial
rectangular
trellis
A

radial

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25
Q 
A  meander that is cut off to become completely isolated from the main channel, but which retains water, is a(n) \_\_\_\_\_.
meander neck
cut bank
oxbow lake
abandoned meander
A

oxbow lake

26
Q 
Moving away from its headwaters, the flow of a stream becomes more \_\_\_\_\_.
turbulent
chaotic
competent
laminar
A

laminar

27
Q 
Most stream tributaries occur in which part of a river system?
Collecting System
Transportation System
Dispersal System
Merging System
A

collecting system

28
Q 
Alluvial fans tend to form where
streams flow into quiet bodies of water
wetlands form
streams flow into dry basins in arid regions
where oxbow lakes form
where natural leves are present
A

streams flow into dry basins in arid regions

29
Q 
The majority of fresh liquid water within the Earth exists in \_\_\_\_\_.
lakes
rivers and streams
pores within rock and sediment
atmospheric clouds
A

pores within rock and sediment

30
Q

The topography of the water table _____.
is unaffected by local surface topography
precisely mimics the topography of the ground surface
is a subdued (less steeply sloping) mimic of surface topography
is an exaggerated (more steeply sloping) mimic of surface topography

A

is a subdued (less steeply sloping) mimic of surface topography

31
Q 
The ability of a porous solid to transmit a fluid is called
vesicularity
porosity
permeability
viscosity
transmissibility
A

permeability

32
Q

The water table is
within the part of the regolith that is saturated with water
a volume of rock saturated with water
the lowermost level of downward movement of water
the surface that marks the top of the saturated zone
the lower bounding surface of the saturated zone

A

the surface that marks the top of the saturated zone

33
Q 
Excessive pumping of a well
will create a cone of depression
may cause saltwater invasion in coastal areas
may cause adjacent wells to become dry
will lower the water table locally
all of the above
A

all of the above

34
Q 
Groundwater discharge occurs at
wells
geysers
springs
streams
all of the above
A

all of the above

35
Q

The cone of depression surrounding a well
becomes narrower as pumping increases
becomes larger but not deeper as pumping increases
is absent within good aquifers
impedes the flow of water to the well
enlarges and deepens as the rate of pumping increases

A

enlarges and deepens as the rate of pumping increases

36
Q 
Human manipulation of the groundwater system may result in
chemical changes.
change in the water table level.
salt water invasion.
subsidence.
all of the above
A

all of the above

37
Q 
Sinkholes are a concern for residents whose dwellings are constructed atop \_\_\_\_\_.
sandstone
shale
limestone
granite
A

limestone

38
Q 
Sediments deposited directly by glaciers as they melt are termed \_\_\_\_\_.
firn
loess
till
outwash
A

till

39
Q 
When sea level rises, causing the ocean to fill a glacially carved valley, a \_\_\_\_\_ results.
estuary
tarn
fjord
ford
A

fjord

40
Q 
Valleys carved by glaciers tend to be shaped like the letter \_\_\_\_\_, whereas valleys carved by water tend to shaped like the letter \_\_\_\_\_.
"V" ; "U"
"V" ; "C"
"U" ; "V"
"V" ; "I"
A

u, v

41
Q 
A lake that forms within a bowl-shaped depression formed by a mountain glacier is termed a(n)\_\_\_\_\_.
arête
cirque
horn
tarn
A

tarn

42
Q

During glacial epoch, global sea level is
higher during glacial epochs because of reduced evaporation
higher because the continents are depressed by the weight of ice
lower because water is stored on the continents
lower because evaporation rate increases
unchanged

A

lower because water is stored on the continents

43
Q

Ice is a substance with a high albedo, which means it _____.
requires much heat to raise its temperature by 1°C
absorbs most of the light that falls upon it
reflects most of the light that falls upon it
strongly refracts the light that falls upon it

A

reflects most of the light that falls upon it

44
Q 
The current interglacial interval began a little more than \_\_\_\_\_ years ago.
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
A

10,000

45
Q 
An important long-term factor determining whether glacial ice will form on the continents has likely been the proportion of which gas in the atmosphere?
oxygen
nitrogen
carbon dioxide
carbon monoxide
A

carbon dioxide

46
Q

If you found ancient rocks in Antarctica that had formed in an organic reef, what could you suggest?
that the climate has changed
that Antarctica has moved
that reefs form in cold regions
that the climate has changed and that Antarctica has moved

A

that the climate has changed and that Antartica has moved

47
Q

The path of movement of a water particle in a wave at sea is
linear

horizontal
vertical
circular

A

circular

48
Q 
The horizontal distance between two successive waves' crests is called
amplitude
wave height
frequency
wave length
A

wave length

49
Q 
Ordinary ocean waves derive their energy from
winds
tides
refraction
density currents
surface currents
A

winds

50
Q

Which of the following is NOT a depositional feature?

spit
beach
barrier island
baymouth bar
sea stack
A

sea stack

51
Q 
Approximately what percentage of the Earth's surface is covered with water?
30%
50%
70%
85%
A

70%

52
Q 
When sea level rises, the ocean may invade a river valley, producing a nearshore body of water of mixed and variable salinity termed a(n) \_\_\_\_\_.
atoll
lagoon
estuary
jetty
A

estuary

53
Q

To qualify as a desert, a region must be _____.
hot, with a mean annual temperature greater than 25°C (77°F)
arid, with less than 25 cm annual precipitation and very low relative humidity
both hot and arid
either hot or arid

A

arid, with less than 25 cm annual precipitation and very low relative humidity

54
Q

As compared to humid climates, rates of chemical weathering in deserts are _____.
faster
slower
the same

A

slower

55
Q

Saltation of sand involves _____.
spherical grains rolling along the surface of dunes
the mixture of quartz sand with salt, which forms from the evaporation of rainwater
grains being carried long distances (up to tens of kilometers) by strong gusts of wind
grains hopping into the air, traveling for a short distance, and returning to the ground

A

grains hopping

56
Q

Which statement does NOT apply? Desertification occurs
when continents move into dry climates in low latitude zones
as a result of global climate change
as a result overgrazing
only in small areas affecting at most a few million people of central Africa
when humans strip a landscape for firewood

A

only in small areas afecting at most a few million people of central africa

57
Q 
Which of the following is eolian in origin?
travertine
drift
loess
lignite
gneiss
A

loess

58
Q

A lag deposit, or desert pavement, is a concentration of
dust or loess remaining after a wind storm.
gravel-size particles left behind as wind selectively moves sand and dust from the surface.
sand cemented by calcium carbonate.
slow-moving sand.

A

gravel sized particles left behind as wind selectively moves sand and dust from the surface

59
Q

The migration of sand dunes results from
erosion of sand on the slip face and deposition on the windward side.
changes in the wind velocity.
gravity sliding.
erosion of sand on the windward side and deposition on the slip face.
all of the above.

A

erosion of sand on the windward side and deposition on the slip face

60
Q

Globaly most deserts are found?

above 66 degrees north and south latitude (near the poles).
near 30 degrees north and 30 degrees south latitude (subtropics).
10 degrees north through 10 degrees south latitude (equatorial).
both A and B.
in all of the above.

A

Both A and B

Geol 101 (2 decks)

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