What is the conviction underlying psychotherapy?
People with psychological problems can change
5 R’s for MDD
- Response
- Relapse
- Remission
- Recovery
- Recurrence
Mental health professionals (3)
- Clinical psychologists
- Psychiatrists
- Psychiatric social workers
Psychodynamic therapy basic forms (2)
- Classical psychoanalysis
2. Contemporary psychodynamic approaches
Behavior therapy approaches (5)
- Exposure therapy
- Aversion therapy
- Modeling
- Systematic reinforcement approaches
- Token economies
Habituation
Decrease in response to a stimulus after being repeatedly exposed to it (learning process)
Behavior therapy characteristics (4)
- Relatively brief
- Directed towards specific symptoms
- Best used with problems that are not pervasive or vaguely defined
- Often used with anxiety disorders
Behavioral activation
New development for treatment of depression, encourages greater engagement with life
CBT
Change behavior by modifying self-statements, modifying construal of events, cognitive processes influence emotions, motivation, and behavior
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
Dev. by Albert Ellis, “shoulds” “oughts” and “musts” that cause suffering, debate and rational confrontation
Aaron Beck’s cognitive therapy
Problems result from client’s illogical thinking about themselves and world around them, less confrontational, more hypothesis testing
Dialectical behavior therapy 4 key areas
- Emotion regulation
- Interpersonal effectiveness
- Mindfulness
- Distress tolerance
6 motivational interviewing stages
- Pre-contemplation
- Contemplation
- Determination
- Action
- Maintenance
- Recurrence
Biological approaches to treatment (3)
- ECT
- Neurosurgery
- Psychiatric medication
Unipolar depressive disorders
Only depressive episodes
Bipolar depressive disorders
Manic and depressive episodes
Anhedonia
Inability to feel pleasure
How many symptoms do you need to be diagnosed with MDD?
At least 5, with at least 1 in top 2 criteria
Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
Mild to moderate version of depression, persistently depressed mood most of the day for at least 2 years
Helplessness theory
No control over aversive events
Reformulated helplessness theory
Pessimistic attributional or explanatory style
Bipolar I disorder
Includes at least one manic or mixed episode
Bipolar II disorder
Includes hypomanic episodes but not full-blown manic or mixed episodes
Cyclothymic disorder
Cyclical mood swings, less severe than those of bipolar disorder, symptoms present for at least 2 years
Agoraphobia
Avoid situations where panic occurs, or where escape would be difficult
Types of anxiety (5)
- Specific phobia
- Social phobia
- Panic disorder
- Agoraphobia
- Generalized Anxiety Disorder
High threat likelihood
“I am going to make a fool of myself”
High threat severity
“It will be a disaster if I make a fool of myself”
Tripartite Model
For mood disorders
- High negative affect: depression & anxiety
- Low positive affect: depression
- High anxious arousal: anxiety
How was stress discovered?
Injecting rats with chemical or saline= ulcers and disrupted immune system
Stress influences (4)
- Gene expression
- Brain structure and function
- Endocrine system
- Immune system
Adjustment disorder
Extreme response to usual stressor
Acute stress disorder
Precursor to PTSD
Prolonged exposure therapy
For PTSD, learn: breathing, talking, exposure, and recall of traumatic events
Cognitive processing therapy
For PTSD, getting over “stuck points”
Thought-action fusion
Think that having thought makes action more probable= increases anxiety