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Flashcards in Exam 2 Deck (102)
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1
Q

Dyad

A

a group of two

2
Q

Georg Simmel

A

Small group guy

3
Q

Tertius Gaudens

A

the member of a triad who benefits from conflict between the other two members of the group

4
Q

Divide et Impera

A

the role of a member of a triad who intentionally drives a wedge between the other two actors in the group

5
Q

Small groups

A

a group characterized by face-to-face interaction, a unifocal perspective, lack of formal arrangements of roles, and a certain level of equality

6
Q

Party

A

similar to a small group, but multifocal

7
Q

Large Group

A

a group characterized by the presence of a formal structure that mediates interaction and status differentiation

8
Q

C.H. Cooley

A

emphasized distinction between primary and secondary groups

9
Q

Primary Groups (Cooley)

A

social groups, such as family or friends, composed of enduring, intimate face-to-face relationships that strongly influence the attitudes and ideals of those involved

10
Q

Secondary Groups (Cooley)

A

groups marked by impersonal, instrumental relationships (those existing as a means to an end)

11
Q

Asche Test/Experiment

A

Group conformity, participants were shown to pick an answer they knew was wrong because the group selected it

12
Q

Tie

A

set of stories that explains our relationship to other members of our network (e.g., roommate, girlfriend)

13
Q

Narrative

A

sum of the stories contained in a series of ties (e.g., people from your floor, from your class)

14
Q

Embeddedness

A

refers to the degree to which ties are reinforced through indirect paths within a social network

15
Q

Strength of Weak Ties

A

Provide highest level of social capital. Strong and favor upward mobility or advancement, provide more opportunity than embeddedness does

16
Q

Social Capital

A

the information, knowledge of people or ideas, and connections that help individuals enter preexisting network or gain power in them

17
Q

Social Network

A

A set of dyads held together by ties between individuals

18
Q

Human Capital

A

stock of knowledge, habits, social and personality attributes, including creativity, embodied in the ability to perform labor so as to produce economic value.[1]

19
Q

Stratification

A

refers to the systematic inequalities between groups of people that arise as intended or unintended consequences of social processes and relationships

20
Q

Social Equality

A

A condition in which no differences in wealth, power, prestige, or status based on nonnatural conventions exist

21
Q

3 Dimensions of Stratification

A

Economic Standing
Prestige
Power

22
Q

Economic Standing

A

wealth and income

23
Q

Prestige

A

Involves social respect, admiration, and recognition associated with particular statuses

24
Q

Power

A

conduct by which we compel others

25
Q

Wealth

A

all of a persons assets minus their debts

26
Q

Income

A

money received for work or investments

27
Q

Types of Stratification Systems

A

Open or closed

28
Q

Closed Strat. System

A

Allows little change in social position

29
Q

Open Strat. System

A

More upward mobility

30
Q

Open Strat System Examples

A

Class System

31
Q

Closed Strat System Examples

A

Caste System

32
Q

Ascription

A

A person is ascribed a certain status

33
Q

Ascription

A

A person is ascribed a certain status from birth

34
Q

Meritocracy

A

A person gains power on the basis of their ability

35
Q

3 Different Standards of Equality

A

Equality of Oppurtunity
Equality of Condition
Equality of Outcome

36
Q

Equality of Oppurtunity

A

Idea that inequality is acceptable so long as everyone has the same opportunities for advancement and is judged by the same standards

37
Q

Equality of Condition

A

everyone should have an equal starting point from which to pursue his or her goals (e.g., everyone has same amnt. $$ at beginning of monopoly)

38
Q

Equality of Outcome

A

notion that everyone in a society should end up with the same rewards regardless of their starting point, opportunities, or contributions

39
Q

Asset

A

Property that has value owned by a person or company

40
Q

Net Worth

A

All of a person’s assets minus their debts

41
Q

Distribution of wealth

A

Top 10% earners control 80% of the wealth in USA

42
Q

Trends in Income Groupings

A

Middle Class is shrinking
Poor is growing
Power of rich is increasing

43
Q

Caste System

A

Social strat based on ascription, or birth, or religion

Little or no social mobility

44
Q

Estate System

A

Laws written in which rights/duties separate individual (e.g., Landowners have right to vote, others do not) Feudal system in Europe. French in 18th Century

45
Q

Class System and Stratification According to Marx?

A

Stratification is rooted in class conflict and is not necessary

46
Q

Capitalists/Bourgeois/Employing Class (Marx)

A

People who won and operate factories and other businesses in pursuits of profits

47
Q

Proletariat (Working Class)

A

Working people who sell their labor for wages

48
Q

Contradictory Class Locations (Erik Olin Wright) Example

A

A branch manager is both a member of the proletariat and the bourgeoise

49
Q

False Consciousness (Marx)

A

The phenomenon that promotes the idea that people are lower in the strat. based off of individual abilities. Used to maintain power and prevent uprising according to Marx

50
Q

Erik Olin Wright

A

Coined theory of contradictory class locations

51
Q

Weber on Class

A
Class is a group with common life chances or opportunities available in the market place
Members have of same class have similar value in labor and property
52
Q

Pareto and 80/20 rule

A

Roughly 80% of effects come from 20% of causes…actions of the powerful affect the masses

53
Q

C. W. Wright was into _____ as pertaining to stratification

A

Meritocracy

54
Q

Struct. Functionalist Explanation for Stratification

A

Social Strat. is inevitable and plays a vital role in the operation of society

55
Q

Davis-Moore Thesis

A

Stratification benefits all through specialization and progress

56
Q

Marx Explanation for Strat.

A

Stratification is rooted in Class Conflict and is not necessary

57
Q

Socioeconomic status

A

Combined measure of a persons work experience + their families social position related to others in terms of education, income, occupation

58
Q

How does the Pew Report Define Classes?

A
Lower = 2/3 X the median income
Upper = 2 X the median income
Middle = inbetween
59
Q

Is the wealth gap in the united states growing?

A

YES, middle class is shrinking too

60
Q

Absolute Poverty

A

Deprivation of resources against a life-threatening level
Poverty is determined in relation to the cost of food, and the minimum amount of food needed to survive basically
(3X economy food basket adjusted for family size and age of head of family. Developed by Molly Orshansky under LBJ in the 60s and has not been changed since.)

61
Q

Relative Poverty

A

the deprivation of some people in relation to those who have more. In US, 30% less of Median income

62
Q

Which Age Group has Highest poverty rate?

A

Under 18

63
Q

Which Race/Ethnicity Rate has highest poverty rate?

A

Native Americans, then blacks

64
Q

Which Family Structure has highest poverty rate?

A

Single Mothers

65
Q

Percent of poor receiving public assistance

A

Less than 10%

66
Q

Collective Action

A

Action that takes place in groups and diverges from the social norms of the situation

67
Q

Contagion (Convergence) Theory

A

theory claiming that collective action arises because of people’s tendency to conform to the behavior of others with whom they are in close contact

68
Q

Emergent Norm Theory

A

theory of collective action emphasizing the influence of keynoters in promoting new behavioral norms

69
Q

Social Movement

A

collective behavior that is purposeful, organized, and institutionalized, but not ritualized

70
Q

Alterative Social Movements

A

Social movements that seek the most limited societal change and often target a narrow group of people

71
Q

Redemptive Social Movements

A

Social movements that target specific groups but advocate for more radical change in behavior

72
Q

Reformative Social Movements

A

Social movements that advocate for limited social change across an entire society

73
Q

Revolutionary Social Movements

A

social movements that advocate the radical reorganization of society

74
Q

Classical Model of Social Movements

A

structural weakness in society results in the psychological disruption of individuals

75
Q

Resource Mobilization Theory

A

model of social movements that emphasizes political context and goals but also states that social movements are unlikely to emerge without the necessary resources

76
Q

Political Process Model

A

Model of social movements that focuses on the structure of political opportunities. When these are favorable to a particular challenger, the chances are better for the success of a social movement led by this challenger.

77
Q

Value-Added (or Social Strain) Theory

A

the assumption that certain conditions are needed for the development of a social movement

78
Q

Emergence (Stage of Social Movement)

A

the first stage of a social movement, occurring when the social problem being addressed is first identified

79
Q

Coalescence (Stage of Social Movement)

A

the second stage of a social movement in which resources are mobilized, concrete action is taken around problems outlined in the emergence stage

80
Q

Routinization or Institutionalization (Stage of Social Movement)

A

the final stage of a social movement, in which it is institutionalized and a formal structure develops to promote the cause (e.g., affirmative actions?)

81
Q

De factor segregation

A

Segregated in fact (America post. Brown v Board of Ed)

82
Q

De jure segregation

A

Segregated by law (Apartheid in South Africa)

83
Q

Conley’s Definition of the Middle Class?

A

Those with nonmanual jobs that pay significantly more than the poverty line, highly debated and expansive category. In the US a large swath of society considers themselves middle class.

84
Q

The Culture of Poverty

A

Argument that poor people adopt certain practises that differ from those of middle-class or “mainstream” society in order to adapt and survive in difficult economic circumstances

85
Q

Bell Curve Thesis

A

Good genes is what prevents people from living in poverty, their nurture and outside circumstances do not matter. Low IQ from parents is a risk factor to children, and is also passed on to them.

86
Q

Charles Murray

A

Bell curve thesis

A libertarian political scientist born in 1943

87
Q

Institutionalized Isomorphism

A

the similarity of the processes or structure of one organization to those of another, be it the result of imitation or independent development under similar constraints.

88
Q

Race (Conley Definition)

A

A group of people who share a set of characteristics– typically, but not always, physical ones– and are said to share a common bloadline

89
Q

Racism

A

the belief that members of separate races possess different and unequal traits

90
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

Evaluating other cultures according to the preconceptions and standards of one’s own culture

91
Q

Nativism

A

the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants

92
Q

One-Drop Rule

A

The belief that “one drop” of black blood makes a person black, a concept that evolved from U.S. laws forbidding miscegenation

93
Q

Ethnicity

A

One’s ethnic quality of affiliation. It is voluntary, self-defined, nonhierarchical, fluid and multiple, and based on cultural differences, not physical ones per se

94
Q

Racialization

A

the formation of a new racial identity by drawing idealogical boundaries of difference around a formerly unnoticed group of people.

95
Q

Symbolic Ethnicity

A

a nationality, not in the sense of carrying the rights and duties of citizenship but of identifying with a past or future nobility. For late generations of white ethnics, something not contstraining but easily expressed, with no risks of stigma and all the pleasures of feeling like an individual

96
Q

Bogardus Social Distance Scale

A

empirically measure people’s willingness to participate in social contacts of varying degrees of closeness with members of diverse social groups, such as racial and ethnic groups.

97
Q

Genocide

A

Deliberate killing of a large number of people, specifically those of a certain ethnic group.

98
Q

Straight-Line Assimiliation

A

Robert Parks’ 1920 universal and linear model for how immigrants assimilate: they first arrive, then settle in, and achieve full assimilation in a newly homogenous country.

99
Q

Pluralism

A

The presence and engaged coexistence of numerous distinct groups in one society

100
Q

Segregation

A

The legal or social practice of separating people on the basis of their race or ethnicity.

101
Q

Discrimination

A

Harmful or negative acts (not mere thoughts) against people deemed inferior on the basis of their racial category, without regard to their individual merit

102
Q

Prejudice

A

Thoughts and feelings about an ethnic or racial group, which lead to preconceived notions and judgements (often offensive) about the group