Exam 2 Flashcards
(91 cards)
1
Q
What are four examples of spirochetes? Put them in order of most tight to least tight.
A
MOST: Leptospira
INTER: Brachyspira, Treponema
LEAST: Borrelia
1
Q
- Bronchopneumonia (nearly all spp of animals)
- fowl cholera (septicemia in poultry)
- MOST COMMON PYOGENIC AGENT IN CATS
- animal bite wounds (humans, cats)
A
Pasteurella multocida
2
Q
-Aerobic, small, gram negative coccobacillus -ciliated epithelium of resp. tracts -many species reservoir, nasopharynx of healthy animals -shed 3 mos or longer…aerosolized txmission or nose to nose spread
A
Bordetella bronchiseptica
2
Q
Which Brucella spp. are rough LPS in wild type?
A
B. ovis, B. canis
2
Q
What are the two vaccine options for B. abortus in heifers? Which is preferred?
A
Strain 19- live attenuated for cattle, nontransmissable, SMOOTH strain, persistent infection in males and sexually mature RB51-live ROUGH strain RB51 is preferred as Strain 19 were serologically positive after vaccination
3
Q
What does Induction of cytotoxicity (necrosis), alters pro-inflammatory responses (decreases IFN-gamma); contributes to persistent colonization (increased IL-10, chronic infection) and modulates host adaptive immune responses refer to?
A
Type III Secretion System of B. bronchiseptica
3
Q
Describe the environmental survival of leptospires
A
- favored by moisture, moderately warm temps, stagnant waters
- highly susceptible to drying
- tolerate pH range of 6-8, alkaline, wet soils
- temp=10-36
3
Q
– Gram-negative rod inhabiting the intestinal tract of
animals and the environment.
• Much more common in carnivores.
– Associated with external otitis and urinary tract
infections in dogs.
A
Proteus spp.
5
Q
Hemorrhagic spticemia, motile aeromonad septicemia, red pest, redsore, fin rot in fish
A
Aeromonas hydrophila
6
Q
Can a cow be infected by Brucella abortus if she isn’t pregnant?
A
For reals. Shit goes to the supramammary LN, spleen and other lymphatic tissue then gets shed after dat bitch gets preggers.
6
Q
Resistance issues w/ Campylobacter spp?
A
Quinolone resistance in foodborne strains after use of quinolones in poultry
6
Q
What does each letter correspond to for Enterobacteriaceae antigens? O, H, K, F (P)
A
- O = somatic, side-chains of LPS.
- H = flagellar antigen.
- K = capsular antigen.
- F (P) = fimbria or pilus antigen
7
Q
What causes edema disease of pigs?
A
Porcine Shiga toxigenic E. coli (STEC)
8
Q
- obligate inhabitant of resp. and genital mucosa of bovines and ovines
- thrombocytic meningoencephalitis (TEM) in cattle
- limited antigenic diversity
A
Histophilus somni (Haemophilus somnus)
9
Q
Aerobic, Gram-, pleomorphic rods -related to pasteurella and Haemophilus -commensals on mucous membranes -require blood/serum for growth, poor survival in environment -spred=direct contact w/ carriers, colonized animals -can cause chronic pyogranulomatous lesions
A
Actinobacillus
9
Q
How is Brucella excreted? Transmitted? Where can it survive?
A
Excreted in body fluids, aborted tissues. • Remain viable, surviving off host in milk, water, damp soil for weeks to a few months, no growth. – Survive freeze/thaw, killed by pasteurization. • Transmitted by direct or indirect contact with infected excretors.
9
Q
• Gram-negative, aerobic rod.
– Motile by one or several polar flagella.
– Natural habitat is water, soil, and decaying vegetation.
– Thrives in wet, poorly aerated environments within hospitals.
– Increased resistance to some disinfectants.
• Causes pyogenic infections.
– Wound, ear, eye, urinary and genital infections, abscesses.
A
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
10
Q
Dz? -Contagious, caused by Brucella spp. -Abortion, retained placenta, orchitis, epididymitis, infertility -inapparent, chronic infection (no signs outside reproductive tract) -USE SEROLOGY FOR DX -zoonotic (undulant fever in humans) -unreliable antimicrobials
A
Brucellosis
11
Q
Thin, curved, gram-negative, motile rods -S-shaped, seagull-shaped, long spiral forms, pleomorphic -commensals on mucosa of oral cavity and intestinal tract, (genital tract of cattle), many are nonpathogenic -Fecal-oral transmission (except cattle)
A
Campylobacter spp.
12
Q
A
13
Q
Can Brucella canis localize and persist in non-reproductive tissues?
A
Boy howdy.
14
Q
What are coliforms?
A
a subset of enterics that ferment lactose, E. coli-like organisms
15
Q
What stimulates growth of brucellae in ungulates? Where is it found?
A
Erythritol, placenta and male genital tract
16
Q
-Gram-, oxidase-postive rods -fresh water, sewage, soil and on marine animals -pathogen of fish, reptiles, amphibians -rarely in terrestrial
A
Aeromonas hydrophila
18
-non spore forming anaerobe-septic dz as single agent -calf diphtheria, footrot, necrobacillosis, bull-nose -Leukotoxin and endotoxin--localized areas of hepatic coagulative necrosis in cattle
Fusobacterium necrophorum
18
Does vaccination against B. abortus prevent infection? Abortion?
Infection-NO Abortion-usually...increases resistance
18
What is the primary clinical presentation of Taylorella equigenitalis?
Copious mucopurulent uterine discharge a few days following breeding in a mare
19
-Colonizes intestinal tract, fecal-oral transmission -Invades mucosa, becomes bacteremic, localizes in pregnant uterus of sheep and goats, abortion in latter stages -Campylobacter species?
Campylobacter fetus ssp. fetus
20
Name the three most important virulence factors associated with M. haemolytica.
Capsular polysaccharide
Leukotoxin-kills ruminant leukocytes
LPS (endotoxin)-stimulates inflam. response
Also: Proteolytic enzymes, neuraminidase, and outer membrane proteins
20
Pasteurella multocida Type D toxigenic strains cause what dz in pigs?
Progressive atrophic rhinitis
21
What is the primary Enterohemorrhagic E. coli serotype in North America?
O157:H7
22
Sleepy foal disease. – Septicemia via umbilical or placental entry. – Also causes pneumonia, arthritis, etc.
Actinobacillus equuli
23
Spirochetes highly adapted to arthropod txmission, ticks are main reservoir, infections tend to have blood-borne phases and can become localized or generalized.
Borrelia spp.
23
Can pathogenic leptospires multiply outside of the host?
NOOOOOOOOOO
25
Name species associated with dz caused by B. bronchiseptica: 1) Infectious tracheobronchitis 2) pneumonia (3 species) 3) mild atrophic rhinitis, pneumonia
1) Dogs 2) Cats, Rabbits, Guinea Pigs 3) Swine
26
Small, gram-negative rods. • Slow growth, requiring 3-5 days, up to 3 weeks for isolation. • Obligate parasites -Predilection for ungulate placentas, testes of bulls, rams, boars and dogs.
Brucella spp.
27
Redleg in frogs
Aeromonas hydrophila
28
Pathogenesis of B. bronchiseptica: Attachment to epithelium using \_\_\_\_\_. Bacterial proliferation and ciliostasis using _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ which causes disruption of tight junction/damage to cilia. _____ is initiated by LPS, etc. and resp. clearance is depressed, facilitating ______ infection. RTX toxin with ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_/hemolysin activity fx as anti-inflammatory, antiphagocytic.
Attachment to epithelium using ADHESINS. Bacterial proliferation and ciliostasis using TRACHEAL CYTOTOXIN which causes disruption of tight junction/damage to cilia. INFLAMMATION is initiated by LPS, etc. and resp. clearance is depressed, facilitating SECONDARY infection. RTX toxin with ADENYLATE CYCLASE/hemolysin activity fx as anti-inflammatory, antiphagocytic.
29
Infects pigs resulting in abortion, orchitis, arthritis, infertility -test and slaughter eradication, no vx -may infect cattle, highly virulent for humans -many infections from wild swine
Brucella suis
30
Is there a Brucella canis vx? What ages are susceptible to B. canis?
Fuck no. All ages.
31
Resistance issues of non spore forming obligate anaerobes?
Aminoglycosides (don't work), quinolines (poor), sulfonamides (excess of metabolic substrates in pus)
31
What causes avian bordetellosis, turkey coryza and rhinotracheitis? Why is it important?
Bordetella avium, economically significant
32
* Glasser’s disease: polyserositis, polyarthritis and meningitis.
* Acute pneumonia without polyserositis, septicemia, DIC, acute fasciitis and myositis.
* A major cause of pig nursery mortality.
• Commensal of nasopharynx of swine.
• VF: Capsule, fimbria, LPS, neuraminidase, et al.
• Multiple serovars: commercial and autogenous
bacterins.
• PCR diagnostic tests.
Haemophilus parasuis
33
What type of E. Coli?
• No specific serotypes or virulence factor
associations.
• PAMPs such as LPS, flagellin, and CpG-DNA.
– LPS is sufficient, but not essential, to cause mastitis
through TLR4 signalling.
• Biofilm formation seen adherent to mammary
alveolar epithelial cells.
Mammary pathogenic E. coli (MPEC)
34
What does ETEC stand for? What does it affect? What is the end result in an animal?
Enterotoxigenic E. Coli, affects the adenylate cyclase system leading to massive fluid secretion which leads to diarrhea, dehydration, hypovolemic shock and death
36
-non spore forming obligate anaerobe -contagious footrot, interdigital skin of ovine feet -pili mediate adherence -serine proteases digest horn and separate from hoof -10 major serogroups, 20 serovars
Dichelobacter nodosus
37
• Causes septicemia and systemic pasteurellosis in
weaned lambs.
– Tonsils to lungs to bacteremia. May localize in joints, udder,
meninges, or lungs.
– Often die quickly without premonitory signs. Also pyrexia,
dullness, recumbancy, coma, dyspnea, frothy oronasal
discharge.
Bibersteinia trehelosi
38
• Zoonotic, small, gram-negative rod.
– Tularemia: septicemia that affects \>250 species of wild
and domestic mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, humans.
Francisella tularensis
39
Wooden tongue in cattle, sporadic, chronic fibrosing granulomatous infection
Actionbacillus lignieresii
39
* Gram-negative, short, plump, coccobacillus.
* Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis.
* Commonly called ‘pinkeye’ in calves.
* Also causes keratoconjunctivitis in goats and sheep.
Moraxella bovis
41
Intestinal tract of most species of domestic and wild animals and birds, fecal contamination of food and water, survives 10 days in refrigerated foods (poultry) -enteritis w/ diarrhea in humans -one of the most important bacterial foodborne pathogens of humans -also can cause abortion in sheep and goats after becoming bacteremic
Campylobacter jejuni
42
Naturally infects, goats, sheep, cattle, resulting in abortion -not found in USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand
Brucella melitensis
45
When do dogs and horses show clinical signs of B. burgdorferi infection?
95% of seropositive do not show clinical signs, can develop signs weeks to months after infection
46
-Small, Gram negative rods
• Commensals of upper digestive, respiratory and
genital tracts.
– Very limited survival in the environment off animals.
• Transmission: airborne or close contact.
– Both endogenous and exogenous infections.
• Virulence factors: capsules and LPS.
• Lesions of lungs, body cavities and joints are
serofibrinous and/or suppurative.
Haemophilus
47
What are the Diarrheagenic types of E. coli?
Enterotoxigenic E. coli
Enteropathogenic E. coli
Shiga toxigenic E. coli (STEC) (Verotoxigenic) (EHEC)
49
Presence of spirochetal microorganisms attached to the apical cell membrane of the colorectal epithelium.
Intestinal spirochetosis
50
What type of tick transmits B. burgdorferi? What stimulates transmission?
Ixodes, blood-meal and movement to salivary glands of tick
51
-Intestinal tract of pigs, convalescent carriers can shed in feces \>3 mos, survive in soil and environment for 1-2 days -Fecal-oral infection -necrosis and erosion of epithelium in colonic mucosa -diarrhea w/ mucus, blood, necrotic debris=SWINE DYSENTERY -hemolytic and anaerobic
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae
52
-gram negative rod, coliform, produces abundant antiphagocytic capsule, mucoid colonies
Habitat: intestinal tract of animals and humans, soil and woodchips.
– Associated with a variety of pyogenic infections.
• Pneumonia in foals and dogs.
• Urinary tract infections in dogs.
• Coliform mastitis in cattle
• Cervicitis and metritis in mares.
Klebsiella pneumoniae
54
Porcine atrophic rhinitis is due to a dermonecrotic toxin in B. bronchiseptica which catalyzes the deamidation of small GTPases resulting in prolonged activation. It is transient and self limiting unless combined with what bacterium?
Pasteurella multocida
56
Resistance issues with B. bronchiseptica?
Innately resistant to penicillin, macrolides, lincosamides
57
• Gram-negative, microaerophilic, coccobacillus
– Fastidious, slow growing (chocolate agar, CO2).
– Exclusively a parasite in the equine genital tract.
• Contagious equine metritis (CEM)
Taylorella equigenitalis
59
Which Brucella spp. are smooth LPS?
B. abortus, B. melitensis, B. suis CLASSICAL BRUCELLOSIS
60
Brucella abortus Pathogenesis -Route= primarily \_\_\_\_\_, also venereal, via conjunctiva, inhalation, congenital -First week: across skin or mucosa, phagocytized, intracellular multiplication in local or regional ___ \_\_\_\_ -2nd week onward: intracellular localization in cells of _____ \_\_\_\_\_ (uterus, placenta, fetus, seminal vesicles, testes, epididymus, parenchymous organs, mammary gland)
Ingestion, lymph nodes, target organs
62
Naturally infects sheep causing ram epididymitis, rarely abortion in ewes -sexually transmitted, reduced fertility -Rough organism, doesn't cross react serologically w/ S strains -Any mucosal contact
Brucella ovis
63
–Preputial crypts of the bull and vaginal mucosa of cows. – Transmitted venereally. – Causes post-breeding endometritis and infertility. – Heifers eliminate after a few mos, but bulls remain long term carriers. -just like Trichomonas, vaccine available
Campylobacter fetus ssp. venerealis
64
How is F. tularensis transmitted? What is its reservoir?
Transmitted by arthropods in summer/fall, infected rodents, aerosol, direct contact, ingestion
Infected lagomorphs are main reservoir
65
What age group are susceptible to Brucella abortus in ungulates?
Sexually mature
66
Virulence factors S fimbria, Outer membrane protease T, and yerseniabactin are characteristic of what type of E. Coli?
Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC)
68
Name the species associated with Tularemia:
1)Mandibular lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly,
lethargy, anorexia. Typhoidal, respiratory,
ulceroglandular and oropharyngeal forms reported.
Transmit in cat-bite wounds.
2)Rare: Mild fever, anorexia, draining abscesses,
conjunctivitis.
–3) Late-term abortions, septicemic mortality in young
lambs.
– Multifocal pinpoint necrotic foci in tissues, particularly
spleen, liver, and lung.
1) Cats
2) Dogs
3) Sheep
69
-Acute, sever fibrinous pleuropneumonia in swine (15st, 4 toxin types), exogenous, contagious -Whole cell bacterins are serotype protective
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
71
Dogs are the definitive host – Rapidly contagious, closely confined dogs; abortion in kenneled dogs. – Transmission by ingestion of contaminated materials, venereal. – Bacteremia persists 18-24 months (6-64), no fever. • Semen abnormalities 5 weeks post-infection; epididymitis, prostatitis, abortion.
Brucella canis
73
What is the difference between the OspA and OspC and how does it affect vaccination?
OspA only produced in midgut of tick, NOT expressed in salivary glands or mammalian host. – Antibody in blood meal agglutinates, immobilizes, lyses(?) bacteria; prevents move to salivary gland. • Whole cell bacterins: OspC expressed in dogs after migrating from the tick.
74
Name the maintenance host associated with each serovar:
Canicola
Pomona
Grippotyphosa
Hardjo
Icterohaemorrhagiae
Bratislava
Canicola- DOGS
## Footnote
Pomona-PIGS CATTLE OPOSSUMS SKUNKS
Grippotyphosa-RACCOONS MUSKRATS
Hardjo-CATTLE
Icterohaemorrhagiae-RATS
Bratislava-PIGS MICE? HORSES?
75
How is Yersinia pestis primarily transmitted?
Fleas
76
- curved or spiral shaped, isolated from cases of chronic gastritis including gastric ulcers
- produce urease (alkaline environment to colonize acidic stomach)
- fecal-oral transmission, saliva, free living in seawater (plankton)
Helicobacter spp.
77
• An obligate parasite of horses.
• Glanders: Systemic pyogranulomatous infection,
progressive to fatal disease.
• Still present in parts of Asia, the Middle East and Africa.
• Reservoir: Infected Equidae, contagious.
• Transmission: Enter via the respiratory tract.
• Formation of tubercle-like nodules, break down to form ulcers.
• Nasal, pulmonary, and cutaneous (Farcy) forms.
Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) mallei
78
What is the Porphyromonas vx for?
To prevent periodontitis in dogs
79
Describe the B. bronchiseptica vaccine? What does it stimulate?
Highly resistant following recovery from infection for 6 months. • Reduce severity of disease, limited effect on infection rates, fail to provide herd immunity. • Parenteral and intranasal vaccines used. -stimulates IgA
80
What agents can cause human brucellosis?
B. melitensis, B. suis, B. abortus
81
-Bronchopneumonia, shipping fever complex (cattle, sheep and goats)
Mannheimia haemolytica
82
What 6 states have had Brucellosis Affected Cattle Herds most recently?
MT, ID, WY, MO, TX, LA
83
If a cow aborts only once, after B. abortus infection, but does not abort the second parturition, is the second free of B. abortus?
NO, please child. She remains infected and sheds large numbers for subsequent parturitions.
84
a) gram negative aerobe, rod bacteria w/ flagella
b) inhabits GI & feces of warm-blooded & cold blooded animals, environmentally hardy
c) cause infection due to dysbiosis (AB use, diet change, etc); targets mononuclear cells
d) disease forms: enterocolitis/diarrhea, typhoidal fever, systemic infections of repro tract
Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica
85
a) gram-negative aerobe, rod/cocci
b) soil organism found in hot/wet environments; causes disease in mammals, birds, fish
c) Ingested, inhaled, enters wounds; causes respiratory & systemic disease (Pseudoglanders)
Burkholderia pseudomallei
86
a) gram- negative aerobe, rod bacteria
b) inhabits GI & feces of warm-blooded animals; environmentally hardy
c) unique ability to derive nutrients from "mucus"; lactose fermenter; targets epithelium
d) disease forms: enteritis/diarrhea, scours, UTI, wound infection, mastitis, septicemia, etc.
Escherichia coli
87
a) gram negative aerobes, small rods
b) obligate inhabitant of respiratory & genital tracts in bovines & ovines
c) causes TEM (cattle), septicemia & epididymitis (lambs), mastitis (ewes), etc
d) contributer to shipping fever complex
Histophilus somni (Haemophilus somnus)
88
a) gram-negative aerobe, motile rod bacteria w/ flagella
b) inhabits water, soil & detritis; very environmentally hardy
c) infects devitalized/damaged tissues (especially burns); causes pyogenic infections/abcess
d) unique ability to cause a bandage to fluoresce; has sweet/fruity odor
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
89
a) gram-negative aerobe, small rod bacteria
b) arthropod transmission
c) diseases: cats (lymphadenopathy), sheep (abortion, septicemia) & dogs (fever/abcess)
Francisella tularensis
90
a) gram-negative; obligate anaerobe
b) normal bacteria of the mouth; associated with periodontal disease
c) releases toxins that cause irreversible tissue damage of gingiva & teeth
Porphyromonas spp.
91
