Exam 2

Question 1

A person’s evaluation of the anticipated positive or negative outcomes associated with engaging in a given behavior

A series of beliefs about behaviors gives rise to an attitude: Belief + Belief + Belief = Attitude

Answer 1

Attitudes

Question 2

The perceived social pressure to engage or not engage in a certain behavior

These norms result from normative beliefs – those things we believe important people in our lives want us to do. Example: Getting into a good college would make my parents proud

Answer 2

Subjective norms

Question 3

the degree to which the behavior was under volitional control. normative beliefs about a behavior

This extension, perceived control, is an effort to account for factors outside of the individual’s control that may affect the individual’s intention or behavior

Answer 3

Perceived control

Question 4

processes can be applied consciously or they can be automatized as habits over time.
Most modern conceptions of volition address it as a process of conscious action control which becomes automatized

Answer 4

Volitional control:

Question 5

Events, people, or things that move people to change their behavior

Answer 5

Cues to action

Question 6

One’s Perception/Belief about the risk of developing or acquiring a disease/condition as a result of a particular behavior
Population at risk (e.g., elderly)
Personal risk (e.g., obese individual)
Actual disease risk (e.g., Ebola)

Answer 6

Perceived susceptibility

Question 7

One’s Perception/Belief about the seriousness of a disease/condition, specifically, its consequences (e.g., both medical and social consequences)

Answer 7

Perceived severity

Question 8

One’s Perception/Belief about the obstacles (costs) to performing a recommended health action or a new behavior

Answer 8

Perceived barrier

Question 9

Perceived Susceptibility” + “Perceived Severity” =

Answer 9

Perceived Threat

Question 10

a thing intended; an aim or plan. Intention is influenced by:
Attitudes toward the behavior (TRA/TPB)
Subjective/social norms (TRA/TPB)
Perceived control (TPB)

Answer 10

Intention

Question 11

Theories that are formulated to explain, predict, and understand phenomena and, in many cases, to challenge and extend existing knowledge

Answer 11

Theoretical concept

Question 12

1. Precontemplation
2. Contemplation
3. Preparation
4. Action
5. Maintenance

Answer 12

Stages of Change

Question 13

Stages of Change

Answer 13

1. Precontemplation
2. Contemplation
3. Preparation
4. Action
5. Maintenance

Question 14

“Behavior change occurs through a series of stages.”

The aim is to move people through the stages using other core constructs to change behavior

Answer 14

Theoretical concept of TTM

Question 15

1. Stages of Change
2. Processes of Change
3. Decisional Balance
4. Self-Efficacy
   The aim is to move people through the stages using other core constructs to change behavior

Answer 15

The four core constructs of TTM and the aim of the theory using the constructs:

Question 16

The four core constructs of TTM and the aim of the theory using the constructs:

Answer 16

1. Stages of Change
2. Processes of Change
3. Decisional Balance
4. Self-Efficacy
   The aim is to move people through the stages using other core constructs to change behavior

Question 17

Understand that processes of change that mediate progression across the stages (e.g., which process(es) is/are more beneficial for those who are in action stage?)

Answer 17

PRECONTEMPLATION: Consciousness Raising, Environment, Reevaluation, Dramatic Relief, Social Liberation, Pros of Changing Increasing

CONTEMPLATION: Consciousness Raising, Environment, Reevaluation, Dramatic Relief, Social Liberation, + Self-Reevaluation, Pros of Changing Increasing + Cons of changing decreasing

PREPARATION: self-reevaluation, self-liberation, helping relationships, counter conditioning, Cons of changing decreasing, self-efficacy increasing

ACTION: self-liberation, helping relationships, counter conditioning, reinforcement management, stimulus control and self-efficacy increasing.

MAINTENANCE: Helping relationships, counter conditioning, reinforcement management, stimulus control

Question 18

Identify each stage in the stages of change and explain the stages:

1. Precontemplation
2. Contemplation
3. Preparation
4. Action
5. Maintenance

Answer 18

1. Precontemplation- No intention to take action within the next 6 months
2. Contemplation- Intends to take action within the next 6 months
3. Preparation- Intends to take action within the next 30 days and has taken some behavioral changes
4. Action- Changed overt behavior for less than 6 months
5. Maintenance- Changed overt behavior for more than 6 months

Question 19

1. Precontemplation- No intention to take action within the next 6 months
2. Contemplation- Intends to take action within the next 6 months
3. Preparation- Intends to take action within the next 30 days and has taken some behavioral changes
4. Action- Changed overt behavior for less than 6 months
5. Maintenance- Changed overt behavior for more than 6 months

Answer 19

Identify each stage in the stages of change and explain the stages:

Question 20

No intention to take action within the next 6 months.
During this stage, there are no thoughts or intentions about changing behavior
Individuals in this stage:
• Usually not informed about the risks associated with their behavior
• Don’t know a behavior needs to be changed
• May have tried before and it didn’t work
• Is not ready to change

Answer 20

1. Precontemplation

Question 21

1. Precontemplation

Answer 21

No intention to take action within the next 6 months.
During this stage, there are no thoughts or intentions about changing behavior
Individuals in this stage:
• Usually not informed about the risks associated with their behavior
• Don’t know a behavior needs to be changed
• May have tried before and it didn’t work
• Is not ready to change

Question 22

• Intends to take action within the next 6 months
• An individual becomes aware of a desire to change a particular behavior (usually within the next 6 months)
• Contemplators still represent a large proportion of individuals engaged in unhealthy behaviors
• Cues to action move people from Precontemplation to Contemplation. For example:
• TV/media
• Friends and family
• Health professionals
• Information or knowledge acquisition

Answer 22

2. Contemplation

Question 23

2. Contemplation

Answer 23

Intends to take action within the next 6 months

• An individual becomes aware of a desire to change a particular behavior (usually within the next 6 months)
• Contemplators still represent a large proportion of individuals engaged in unhealthy behaviors
• Cues to action move people from Precontemplation to Contemplation. For example:
• TV/media
• Friends and family
• Health professionals
• Information or knowledge acquisition

Question 24

Intends to take action within the next 30 days and has taken some behavioral changes
• An individual in the Preparation Stage develops a plan for making the change
• Preparation lasts about one (1) month to get things ready for making the change
• Examples:
o Sign up a gym membership
o Change work hours
o Make the dentist appointment

Answer 24

3. Preparation

Question 25

3. Preparation

Answer 25

Intends to take action within the next 30 days and has taken some behavioral changes • An individual in the Preparation Stage develops a plan for making the change • Preparation lasts about one (1) month to get things ready for making the change • Examples: o Sign up a gym membership o Change work hours o Make the dentist appointment

Question 26

Changed overt behavior for less than 6 months • An individual in the Action Stage has put the plan into motion/action • Success is measured against some predetermined criteria set by the individual • Examples: o Participate in recommended physical activity levels o No smoking at all in the past months (less than 6 months)

Answer 26

4. Action

Question 27

4. Action

Answer 27

Changed overt behavior for less than 6 months • An individual in the Action Stage has put the plan into motion/action • Success is measured against some predetermined criteria set by the individual • Examples: o Participate in recommended physical activity levels o No smoking at all in the past months (less than 6 months)

Question 28

Changed overt behavior for more than 6 months • This stage is the most difficult of all the stages • An individual in the Maintenance Stage works to avoid relapsing back to the old behavior • Maintenance begins 6 months after the Action Stage began • In order for the change to be successful, the new 5. Maintenance must be permanently incorporated into the lifestyle • Self-efficacy is a critical component of the Maintenance Stage

Answer 28

5. Maintenance

Question 29

5. Maintenance

Answer 29

Changed overt behavior for more than 6 months • This stage is the most difficult of all the stages • An individual in the Maintenance Stage works to avoid relapsing back to the old behavior • Maintenance begins 6 months after the Action Stage began • In order for the change to be successful, the new 5. Maintenance must be permanently incorporated into the lifestyle • Self-efficacy is a critical component of the Maintenance Stage

Question 30

Personal beliefs or perceptions influence health behavior.

Answer 30

Understand theoretical concept of HBM:

Question 31

Understand theoretical concept of HBM:

Answer 31

Personal beliefs or perceptions influence health behavior.

Question 32

* Developed in the 50’s by the U.S. Public Health Service * There was a big emphasis on screening programs for disease prevention and early detection * Turnout was very poor for these programs * Especially for tuberculosis (TB) screening * Researchers at the U.S. Public Health Service wanted to find out “WHY” so many people didn’t take advantage of the free or low cost TB screenings * They conducted a study to identify the factors that determined whether a person wanted to be screened for TB * The research identified three factors that determine TB screening behavior: * Psychological readiness * Belief that they had or were at risk of TB, or would benefit from screening * Situational influences * Belief that they had symptoms, and other people’s opinions of their screening decision * Environmental condition * The convenience of screening * These became the basis of the Health Belief Model * The foundation of their research * ”Behavior is the result of how people PERCEIVE their environment/conditions.” * Thus, individual beliefs or perceptions are what determine behavior * In order for people to take action to prevent a disease, certain beliefs or perceptions about the disease need to exist

Answer 32

What is the history of HBM?

Question 33

Understand core constructs of HBM

Answer 33

1. Perceived Susceptibility: One’s Perception/Belief about the risk of developing or acquiring a disease/condition as a result of a particular behavior Population at risk (e.g., elderly) Personal risk (e.g., obese individual) Actual disease risk (e.g., Ebola) 2. Perceived susceptibility: One’s Perception/Belief about the risk of developing or acquiring a disease/condition as a result of a particular behavior Population at risk (e.g., elderly) Personal risk (e.g., obese individual) Actual disease risk (e.g., Ebola) Perceived severity: One’s Perception/Belief about the seriousness of a disease/condition, specifically, its consequences (e.g., both medical and social consequences) 3. Perceived Benefits: One’s Perception/Belief of the value or usefulness of a new behavior in decreasing the risk of developing a disease. “An individual is likely to change a behavior if the health action is perceived as beneficial.” 4. Perceived barrier: One’s Perception/Belief about the obstacles (costs) to performing a recommended health action or a new behavior 5. Self-Efficacy: One’s Perception/Belief or confidence in performing a behavior • People will only do what they think they can do, and will not do what they think they can’t 6. Cues to action: Events, people, or things that move people to change their behavior • Provide how-to information

Question 34

1. Perceived Susceptibility: One’s Perception/Belief about the risk of developing or acquiring a disease/condition as a result of a particular behavior Population at risk (e.g., elderly) Personal risk (e.g., obese individual) Actual disease risk (e.g., Ebola) 2. Perceived susceptibility: One’s Perception/Belief about the risk of developing or acquiring a disease/condition as a result of a particular behavior Population at risk (e.g., elderly) Personal risk (e.g., obese individual) Actual disease risk (e.g., Ebola) Perceived severity: One’s Perception/Belief about the seriousness of a disease/condition, specifically, its consequences (e.g., both medical and social consequences) 3. Perceived Benefits: One’s Perception/Belief of the value or usefulness of a new behavior in decreasing the risk of developing a disease. “An individual is likely to change a behavior if the health action is perceived as beneficial.” 4. Perceived barrier: One’s Perception/Belief about the obstacles (costs) to performing a recommended health action or a new behavior 5. Self-Efficacy: One’s Perception/Belief or confidence in performing a behavior • People will only do what they think they can do, and will not do what they think they can’t 6. Cues to action: Events, people, or things that move people to change their behavior • Provide how-to information

Answer 34

Understand core constructs of HBM

Question 35

1. Only model from public health field 2. Tested extensively 3. Simple and easy to understand 4. Manageable number of constructs 5. Can be applied to both one-time and long-term behaviors

Answer 35

What are the strengths of HBM?

Question 36

What are the strengths of HBM?

Answer 36

1. Only model from public health field 2. Tested extensively 3. Simple and easy to understand 4. Manageable number of constructs 5. Can be applied to both one-time and long-term behaviors

Question 37

1. Screening behaviors • TB, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, influenza vaccinations, hypertension, etc. 2. Preventive behaviors • Seat belt use, smoking cessation, physician visiting, etc. 3. Health promotion behaviors • Physical activity, healthy diet, etc. 4. Treatment compliance behaviors • Diabetes, bronchial asthma, weight loss, etc.

Answer 37

What are the appropriate behaviors that can be successfully addressed by the HBM?

Question 38

What are the appropriate behaviors that can be successfully addressed by the HBM?

Answer 38

1. Screening behaviors • TB, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, influenza vaccinations, hypertension, etc. 2. Preventive behaviors • Seat belt use, smoking cessation, physician visiting, etc. 3. Health promotion behaviors • Physical activity, healthy diet, etc. 4. Treatment compliance behaviors • Diabetes, bronchial asthma, weight loss, etc.

Question 39

Theory of Reasoned Action/Theory of Planned Behavior: “Intention” to perform the behavior. The extent to which someone is ready to engage in a certain behaviorPeople are more likely to do something (Ex. engaging in a particular behavior) if they plan or aim to do it than if they do not. Ex. sunscreen use – “anytime I am outdoors, I intend to always wear sunscreen”

Answer 39

Understand theoretical concept of TRA/TPB:

Question 40

Understand theoretical concept of TRA/TPB:

Answer 40

Theory of Reasoned Action/Theory of Planned Behavior: “Intention” to perform the behavior. The extent to which someone is ready to engage in a certain behaviorPeople are more likely to do something (Ex. engaging in a particular behavior) if they plan or aim to do it than if they do not. Ex. sunscreen use – “anytime I am outdoors, I intend to always wear sunscreen”

Question 41

TPB includes perceived control construct

Answer 41

What is the major difference(s) between TPB and TRA

Question 42

What is the major difference(s) between TPB and TRA

Answer 42

TPB includes perceived control construct

Question 43

Understand the measurement of TRA/TPB constructs

Answer 43

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