Exam 2 - Chapter 4 p.2

Question 1

_________ : attending to one thing while ignoring others

Answer 1

Selective attention

Question 2

_________: one stimulus interfering with the processing of another stimulus

Answer 2

Distraction

Question 3

Distraction: one stimulus interfering with the _________ of another stimulus

Answer 3

processing

Question 4

Selective attention: attending to one thing while _________ others

Answer 4

ignoring

Question 5

_________ : attending to more than one thing at a time

Answer 5

Divided attention

Question 6

_________ : rapid shifting of attention (e.g., loud noise, hearing name, something of interest)

Answer 6

Attentional capture

Question 7

Attentional capture: rapid shifting of attention (e.g., loud _________, hearing _________, something of interest)

Answer 7

• noise

- name

Question 8

The construct of attention—no agreed _________, but we all know what it is and there are numerous ways to group it and _________ it

Answer 8

• definition

- measure

Question 9

_________ – we know what it is but generally cannot agree upon what it is – Happiness, Love, etc.

Answer 9

Construct

Question 10

_________ : refers to the skill through which one focuses on one input or one task while ignoring other stimuli

Answer 10

Selective Attention

Question 11

Selective Attention: refers to the skill through which one focuses on one _________ or one task while ignoring other _________

Answer 11

• input

- stimuli

Question 12

Selective Attention-
_________- definition
“Everyone knows what attention is. It is the taking possession of the mind, in clear and vivid form, of one out of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought. Focalisation, concentration, of consciousness are of its essence. It implies a withdrawal from some things in order to deal effectively with others.”

Answer 12

William James

Question 13

Selective Attention-
-William James definition
“Everyone knows what attention is. It is the taking _________ of the mind, in clear and vivid form, of one out of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of _________. Focalisation, concentration, of _________ are of its essence. It implies a withdrawal from some things in order to deal effectively with others.”

Answer 13

• possession
• thought
• consciousness

Question 14

_________ -

-Early method to measure selective attention

Answer 14

Dichotic Listening: Task

Question 15

_________ -Participants wear headphones and hear different speech signals in the left & right ears

Answer 15

Dichotic Listening: Task

Question 16

Dichotic Listening: Task

-Participants wear headphones and hear different _________ signals in the left & right ears

Answer 16

-speech

Question 17

Dichotic Listening:

_________ vs. _________ channels

Answer 17

• Attended

- unattended

Question 18

Dichotic Listening:

-Shadowing the _________ channel is pretty good

Answer 18

attended

Question 19

Dichotic Listening:

Participants can rarely recall or recognize what was presented in the _________

Answer 19

unattended channel

Question 20

Dichotic Listening:

Didn’t realize Czech words presented in _________ channel

Answer 20

unattended

Question 21

Dichotic Listening:
Unless, the information is _________ relevant:
-Cocktail party effect: participants hear their own name or personally relevant words in the _________ channel, or topic of personal interest

Answer 21

• personally

- unattended

Question 22

Dichotic Listening:
Unless, the information is personally relevant:
_________ : participants hear their own name or personally relevant words in the unattended channel, or topic of personal interest

Answer 22

-Cocktail party effect

Question 23

Dichotic Listening:

Suggests that information doesn’t get through, unless it is _________ important

Answer 23

personally

Question 24

Older theory: _________

Attentional resources are limited, some info. must be ‘lost’

Answer 24

bottleneck theories

Question 25

bottleneck theories: | Attentional resources are limited, some info. must be _________

Answer 25

‘lost’

Question 26

Newer theories: _________ - Selected information gets through, while irrelevant information does not - ‘Booster’ theories—sometimes attention is attenuated to what you are supposed to attend to

Answer 26

filter theories

Question 27

Newer theories: filter theories - Selected information gets through, while _________ information does not - ‘Booster’ theories—sometimes attention is _________ to what you are supposed to attend to

Answer 27

- irrelevant | - attenuated

Question 28

_________ - Selected information gets through, while irrelevant information does not - ‘Booster’ theories—sometimes attention is attenuated to what you are supposed to attend to

Answer 28

filter theories

Question 29

_________ : effort to split your attention between multiple tasks or inputs at the same time

Answer 29

Divided attention

Question 30

Divided attention: effort to split your attention between _________ tasks or inputs at the _________ time

Answer 30

- multiple | - same

Question 31

_________ : Attending to multiple things at one time

Answer 31

Divided attention

Question 32

_________ : amount of information people can handle and the limits on their ability to process incoming information

Answer 32

Processing capacity

Question 33

Processing capacity: amount of information people can handle and the limits on their ability to _________ incoming information

Answer 33

process

Question 34

_________ : the difficulty of the task

Answer 34

Attentional load

Question 35

Attentional load: the difficulty of the task _________ load (e.g., checking Facebook® while talking)

Answer 35

Low

Question 36

Attentional load: the difficulty of the task _________ load (e.g., playing a musical instrument while talking)

Answer 36

High

Question 37

_________ – what your cognitive budget is (we have what we have, there is no room for more)

Answer 37

Processing capacity

Question 38

Processing capacity – what your cognitive budget is (we have what we have, there is no room for _________)

Answer 38

more

Question 39

_________- | -Load theory of resource attention—there is a finite (limited) set of attentional resources (‘cognitive budget’)

Answer 39

Dual Tasking

Question 40

Dual Tasking | -Load theory of resource attention—there is a finite (_________) set of attentional resources (_________ )

Answer 40

- limited | - ‘cognitive budget’

Question 41

-Specificity of Resources- Successfully dividing attention is more likely if both tasks pull from _________ resources Examples: driving while listening to a lecture vs. _________ while listening to a lecture

Answer 41

- different | - reading

Question 42

_________ – What type of requirements and how difficult

Answer 42

Specificity of Resources

Question 43

Specificity of Resources - Listening to lecture and writing an email pull from the same resource; _________

Answer 43

language processing

Question 44

Numerous studies show that talking on a cellphone (even ‘hands-free’) _________ driving

Answer 44

impairs

Question 45

Conversations with passengers, do little to impair driving Why? Passengers can pick up cues that the situation is dangerous and adjust the _________ accordingly—cannot be done on a _________ conversation

Answer 45

- conversation | - cellphone

Question 46

_________ : mechanism that sets goals, priorities, chooses strategies, controls behavior and, basically, oversees/directs cognitive processes

Answer 46

Executive control

Question 47

Executive control: mechanism that sets goals, priorities, chooses strategies, controls _________ and, basically, oversees/directs _________ processes

Answer 47

- behavior | - cognitive

Question 48

With practice, a task requires fewer _________ resources OR less frequent use of those resources

Answer 48

cognitive

Question 49

_________ - | Point at which a behavior becomes automatic (‘instinctual’)—no longer have to think about it

Answer 49

Automaticity

Question 50

Automaticity- | Point at which a behavior becomes automatic (_________ )—no longer have to think about it

Answer 50

‘instinctual’

Question 51

Automaticity- | _________ : new tasks that vary in their demands

Answer 51

Controlled tasks

Question 52

Automaticity- | _________ : familiar tasks that require few, if any, cognitive resources

Answer 52

Automatic tasks

Question 53

Automaticity = _________

Answer 53

practice

Question 54

_________ : | word doesn’t match the color example

Answer 54

Stroop Effect

Question 55

_________ – the word “Black” written in “Green” ink; takes longer to process

Answer 55

Stroop effect

Question 56

Stroop effect – the word “Black” written in “Green” ink; takes longer to _________

Answer 56

process

Question 57

_________ : - Overt attention - Covert attention:

Answer 57

Spatial Attention

Question 58

_________ attention: shifting attention from one place to another

Answer 58

Overt

Question 59

_________ attention: shifting attention while keeping your eyes stationary

Answer 59

Covert

Question 60

_________ attention: they tell you to stare at one specific place

Answer 60

Overt

Question 61

_________ attention: Things were not directly paying attention to; they're outside in our periphery, but we can still pay attention to them

Answer 61

Covert

Question 62

Covert attention: Things were not directly paying attention to; they're outside in our _________, but we can still pay attention to them

Answer 62

-periphery

Question 63

_________ attention: Looking at someone/something you’re interested in without looking/facing them directly

Answer 63

Covert

Question 64

_________ : quick & accurate shifting of both eyes between targets

Answer 64

Saccades

Question 65

_________ : eye stopping on a target

Answer 65

Fixation

Question 66

Saccades – eye _________ , eyes move around the _________/environment

Answer 66

- movement | - screen

Question 67

_________ : the physical properties of a stimulus (e.g., color, contrasts, movements)

Answer 67

Stimulus salience

Question 68

Stimulus salience: the physical properties of a stimulus (e.g., _________ , contrasts, _________ )

Answer 68

- color | - movements

Question 69

Stimulus salience: Think about looking for a friend in a crowd—what do you do? _________ processing—look for a salient feature to help you identify him/her (yellow hat)

Answer 69

Bottom-up

Question 70

_________ – Color, orientation, different types of movement | -Steelers jersey in a crowd full of lions jerseys

Answer 70

Stimulus salience

Question 71

_________ – | -Steelers jersey in a crowd full of lions jerseys

Answer 71

Stimulus salience

Question 72

For the most part, neurons do not respond to _________. Instead, they respond to particular, small _________ (e.g., horizontal lines, angled lines, circles, blue shapes, red shapes)

Answer 72

- objects | - features

Question 73

_________ : an interesting/important part or quality of a visual object

Answer 73

Feature

Question 74

_________ : nose/eyes of a particular size/shape

Answer 74

Feature

Question 75

-Faces are processed _________ (not by their individual features)

Answer 75

holistically

Question 76

-Correlation does not mean _________

Answer 76

causation

Question 77

_________ : process in which features (e.g., shape, line orientation, color, motion, location) are combined to create a coherent object

Answer 77

Binding

Question 78

Binding: process in which features (e.g., shape, line orientation, color, motion, location) are combined to create a _________ object

Answer 78

-coherent

Question 79

Object > _________ > Focused attention > _________

Answer 79

- Preattentive | - Perception

Question 80

_________ > Preattentive > _________ > Perception

Answer 80

- Object | - Focused attention

Question 81

Pop out effect – doesn’t require attention; it is in the _________ stage

Answer 81

pre-attentive

Question 82

_________ stage – Analyze into features

Answer 82

Pre-attentive

Question 83

_________ stage – Combine features

Answer 83

Focused attention

Question 84

_________ : ability to focus on a particular position in space and be prepared for a stimulus to appear in that location

Answer 84

Spatial attention

Question 85

Spatial attention: ability to focus on a particular position in space and be prepared for a stimulus to _________ in that location

Answer 85

appear

Question 86

Spatial cueing of attention (_________)

Answer 86

Posner cueing task

Question 87

_________ - | In some cases, people can ‘miss’ changes to an object even though they are aware that there are changes

Answer 87

Change Blindness

Question 88

Change Blindness | -In some cases, people can ‘miss’ changes to an object even though they are _________ that there are changes

Answer 88

aware

Question 89

Difference inattentional and change blindness – difference is we are aware in _________

Answer 89

change blindness