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Clinical Medicine > Exam #2: Ears & Nose > Flashcards

Exam #2: Ears & Nose Flashcards

1
Q

What are the causes of rhinorrhea?

A
  • Viral Infection
  • Allergic Rhinitis or “hay fever”
  • Vasomotor Rhinitis
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2
Q

What does a seasonal onset or environmental trigger suggest in regards to rhinorrhea?

A

Allergic rhinitis

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3
Q

What causes drug-induced rhinitis?

A
  • Excessive use of decongestants

- Cocaine

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4
Q

What should be considered if nasal congestion is only one one side?

A
  • Deviated Septum
  • Nasal Polyp
  • Foreign Body
  • Granuloma
  • Carcinoma
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5
Q

What are the causes of epistaxis?

A
  • Digital trauma
  • Inflammation
  • Drying & crusting of the nasal mucosa
  • tumor
  • foreign body
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6
Q

What three things can contribute to epistaxis?

A

1) Anticoagulants
2) NSAIDs
3) Coagulopathies

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7
Q

When inspecting the external ear, what are you looking for?

A
  • Deformity
  • Lesion
  • Canal Exudate
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8
Q

Palpation of the tragus prior to otoscopic examination is painful, what is this an indication of?

A

Otitis Externa

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9
Q

How do you check nasal patency?

A

Occlude one nare and have patient breathe in

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10
Q

How do you position the ear canal in an adult?

A

Retract pinna up, out, and back

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11
Q

How do you position the ear canal in a child?

A

Retract the pinna down, out, and back

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12
Q

Which sinuses can you transilluminate?

A

Frontal and maxillary

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13
Q

Weber Test

A
  • 512 Hz
  • Place fork in middle of patient’s vertex
  • Ask where they hear the sound
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14
Q

Whisper Test

A
  • Stand behind and to the side of the patient
  • Instruct patient to put finger in ear
  • Exhale fully, then whisper 3 letters or numbers
  • Ask patient to repeat what they heard
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15
Q

Rinne Test

A
  • 512 Hz
  • Place fork on mastoid process, and ask patient to tell you when they no longer hear the sound
  • place fork infront of ear
  • Normal is 2:1 longer in air than bone
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16
Q

Conductive Hearing Loss

A
  • External or middle ear disorder
  • Caused by foreign body, otitis media, perforated eardrum, otosclerosis
  • Sound lateralizes to IMPAIRED ear (Weber Test)
  • Bone conduction longer than or equal to air conduction
17
Q

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

A
  • Inner ear disorder that involves the cochlear nerve
  • Caused by exposure to loud noise, ear infection, trauma, acoustic neuroma, aging, familial disorder
  • Sound lateralizes to GOOD ear (Weber Test)
  • Air conduction longer than bone conduction (Rinne Test)
18
Q

What is a relationship between the ear and the eye in a pediatric patient?

A

Upper portion of the auricle joins that scalp at or above the level of the canthus

19
Q

In an infant, which direction is the ear canal oriented?

A

Directly downward

20
Q

Why is an ear exam difficult in the new born?

A

Accumulation of the vernix caseosa

21
Q

Obligate nose breathers

A

term given to newborns meaning that they must breathe through the nose

22
Q

What is diminished movement on pneumatic otoscopy an indication of?

A

Ear effusion & Otitis Media

23
Q

What can a crease on the nose and “shiners” can be an indication of?

A

Allergies

24
Q

Which sinus is present in a 1 year-old?

A

Maxillary

25
Q

When do the sphenoid and ethmoid sinuses start to develop?

A

6 years

26
Q

When does the frontal sinus start to develop?

A

10 years

27
Q

When are the sinuses fully developed?

A

21 years

28
Q

When examining the mouth of an infant, what are you looking for?

A

Clefts in the palate or lips

29
Q

When do teeth start to appear in the infant?

A

6-7 months (~4 teeth every 4 months afterward)

30
Q

What are antenatal teeth?

A

Teeth that are present at birth and removed

31
Q

When do kids get the full complement of teeth?

A

2-3 years

32
Q

When do kids shed their primary teeth?

A

5 years

33
Q

Halitosis

A

Bad breath

34
Q

Referring to the pediatric patient, when are the tonsils the largest?

A

Middle childhood (compared to infancy and adolescence)

35
Q

Signs of nasal foreign body

A
  • Unilateral Rhinitis

- Halitosis

Clinical Medicine (27 decks)

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