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Pediatrics > Exam 2 - GU > Flashcards

Exam 2 - GU Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

when do the kidneys reach near adult functioning level

A

6-12 y/o

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2
Q

why are children predisposed to UTIs

A

shorter urethras

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3
Q

when should complete bladder control be achieved

A

4-5 y/o

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4
Q

can infants concentrate urine as efficiently as older children and adults

A

No

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5
Q

what is enuresis

A

involuntary discharge of urine (Tabor’s)

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6
Q

what is nocturnal enuresis

A

bed-wetting

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7
Q

when is nocturnal enuresis a concern

A

> 6 y/o

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8
Q

what is diurnal enuresis

A

urgency, frequency, and inappropriate wetting during the day

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9
Q

primary vs. secondary enuresis

A

P: child has never had bladder control

S: bladder control at least 6 months, begins wetting again

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10
Q

avoiding caffeine and sugar after ___ will help with nocturnal enuresis

A

1600

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11
Q

how does DDAVP help with enuresis

A

synthetic ADH (reduced volume of fluid)
hyponatremia risk
low dose (0.25mg) gradual increase (0.6mg)

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12
Q

DDAVP contraindication

A

< 6 y/o

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13
Q

how does Tofranil help with enureiss

A

inhibits urination
only used for 6-8 weeks (must taper)

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14
Q

when to administer Tofranil

A

1-2 hours before bedtime

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15
Q

Tofranil risk

A

SI

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16
Q

how does Ditropan (anticholinergic) help with enuresis

A

decrease bladder contractions
starts at 5 mg daily, can increase to 20 mg daily

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17
Q

Ditropan contraindications

A

< 5/6 y/o

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18
Q

what is vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)

A

retrograde urine flow (back flow into kidneys)

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19
Q

UTI can lead to ___ ___ and decrease ___ function

A

nephrotic scarring; kidney

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20
Q

2 bacterias r/t UTI

A

E. Coli
group B strep

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21
Q

frequent UTI < 1 can lead to ___

A

HTN

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22
Q

how many grades of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) are there?

A

1-5

1: least invasive (reflux into ureter, no dilation)
5: worst (gross dilation, reflux involves kidneys)

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23
Q

VUR is often a ___ malformation

A

congenital

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24
Q

s/sx UTI in infants

A

fever or HYPOtermia***
irritability
dysuria (cries with voiding)
change in urine color, odor
poor weight gain
feeding difficulties

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25
s/sx of UTI in children
abdominal, suprapubic pain voiding frequency, urgency dysuria new or increase enuresis fever
26
parent education for UTI
take meds as Rx wipe front-back avoid "holding" urine (void 4-5 times daily) plenty of fluids cotton underwear avoid bubble baths good hygiene for sexually active adolescent girls
27
epispadias vs. hypospadias
E: urethral opening ABOVE normal location H: urethral opening BELOW normal location (most common)
28
when is there a higher incidence of epispadias and hypospadias
if father or brother had
29
there is usually a ____ issue involved with epispadias
bladder
30
what is cryptorchidism
at least 1 undescended testicle at birth greatest risk for premature infants
31
major risk with cryptorchidism
infertility lifetime risk of testicular cancer
32
what is orchiopexy and when it is performed
surgical repair of cryptorchidism 6-12 months
33
cryptorchidism: retractile vs. ectopic testis
R: descends but retracts with exam and physical stimulation E: outside of normal pathway (groin, abdomen, perineum)
34
acute post-strep glomerulonephritis
hematuria *** proteinuria HTN edema renal insufficiency
35
acute post-strep glomerulonephritis occurs ___ and ___ ___ on its own
suddenly; resolves completely
36
which age group is acute post-strep glomerulonephritis most commonly seen
school-aged children
37
what are some illnesses associated with acute post-strep glomerulonephritis
pharyngitis strep impetigo illnesses occur 1-2 weeks prior to onset
38
acute post-strep glomerulonephritis: ASO titer
elevated strep antibodies
39
acute post-strep glomerulonephritis: RBC, cast, proteinuria
0-3 (small amounts)
40
acute post-strep glomerulonephritis: albumin, cholesterol, and triglycerides
WNL
41
acute post-strep glomerulonephritis: H&H
low or WNL
42
acute post-strep glomerulonephritis: electrolytes, BUN, crt
electrolytes: altered BUN, Crt: elevated
43
if BUN is elevated, what should be restricted
protein
44
when is improvement noted with acute post-strep glomerulonephritis
increase UOP
45
acute post-strep glomerulonephritis diet
low salt possible fluid restriction
46
what is nephrotic syndrome
disorder of renal system excessive protein is excreted in urine
47
s/sx of nephrotic syndrome
edema (insidious, rapid onset) anorexia fatigue pallor abdominal pain increased weight respiratory infection
48
lipid and albumin level with nephrotic syndrome
lipids: high albumin: LOW in BLOOD; HIGH in URINE
49
nephrotic syndrome is caused by a ___
virus
50
nephrotic syndrome is treated with ___
corticosteroids
51
what 2 age group does nephrotic syndrome effect
toddler, school aged
52
what should be avoided in the diet of someone with nephrotic syndrome
salt low salt, low fat, low cholesterol diet
53
what will parents needs to monitor with nephrotic syndrome
protein levels in urine using a dipstick
54
what should not be administered to a child receiving corticosteroids
live virus vaccines
55
acute renal failure is a rapid onset d/t ___ or ___
ischemia; trauma
56
acute renal failure diet
low salt, low potassium, low protein
57
what to monitor with acute renal failure
BP UOP
58
what is chronic renal failure
irreversible loss of kidney function over months to years
59
what is the end goal with chronic renal failure
kidney transplant required for a normal life + growth + development
60
GFR must be __% to be placed on the transplant list
10%
61
what is exstrophy of the bladder
bladder is exposed outside of the body through an opening in the lower abdominal wall
62
does the bladder store urine with exstrophy of the bladder
No, bladder and urethra are not closed so it drains into an open area
63
what is hydrocele
collection of fluid in the scrotal sac
64
hydrocele treatment
usually resolves on its own by 1 year, sx if not
65
what is testicular torsion
spermatic cord twists, cutting off the testicles blood supply requires immediate surgery
66
what is phimosis
foreskin can not be retracted
67
what is phimosis r/t
infection inflammation congenital
68
how to treat phimosis
circumcision
69
what is paraphimosis
retracted foreskin can not be returned to its normal position
70
s/sx of paraphimosis
blue discoloration of glands, foreskin edema
71
what risk is associated with paraphimosis
necrosis to penis

Pediatrics (12 decks)

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