Exam 2: Kwon

Question 1

Anionic surfactants

Answer 1

Bile salts (sodium deoxycholate)

Question 2

Cationic surfactants

Answer 2

None because too toxic

Question 3

Reasons for parenteral

Answer 3

Direct vascular access
Highly predictable drug levels
Alternate to GI route
Replace bulk of fluids, electrolytes, etc.

Question 4

Limitations of parenteral

Answer 4

Sterility
Pain
Iatrogenic problems
High cost
Transmission of disease/safety

Question 5

Solvents and vehicles for injection

Answer 5

Sterile water for injection
Bacteriostatic water for injection
Sodium chloride for injection
Bacteriostatic sodium chloride for injection

Question 6

IV route

Answer 6

Most common parenteral
Rapid therapeutic effect
Major route for toxic drugs
Cannot prevent overdose
Possibility of thrombus and embolus

Question 7

IM route

Answer 7

Bolus forms a depot that releases drug over a period of time
Max volume: 5 mL
Common sites: butt, thigh, arms

Question 8

SC route

Answer 8

Slower absorption
Max volume: 2 mL
Less concerns about hitting blood vessels and nerves

Question 9

ID route

Answer 9

Injected into most superficial skin layer

Volume:

Question 10

Epidural route

Answer 10

Located between dura mater and vertebral column
Used for pain
Low doses, fewer side effects, no preservatives

Question 11

IT route

Answer 11

Injected into cerebral spinal fluid

No preservatives

Question 12

Intraarticular route

Answer 12

Injection into synovial cavity of a joint

Used for arthritis

Question 13

Intracardiac route

Answer 13

Injection into heart chamber

Question 14

Intraspinal route

Answer 14

Injection into spinal column

Question 15

Requirements for parenteral

Answer 15

Sterility
Pyrogens-free
Clarity
Isotonicity

Question 16

Sterility

Answer 16

Complete destruction of all living organisms

Question 17

Nosocomial infections

Answer 17

Hospital-acquired infections
Major cause: unclean hands
High risk: children, pregnant women, elderly, immuno-compromised patients

Question 18

Sterilization techniques

Answer 18

Steam sterilization 
Dry heat sterilization 
Filtration
Gas sterilization
Radiation sterilization 
Antimicrobial agents

Question 19

Pyrogens

Answer 19

Fever-causing organic molecules from bacterial cell walls (LPS)

Question 20

Pyrogen testing

Answer 20

Rabbit febrile reaction

Limus amebocyte lysate test

Question 21

Clarity

Answer 21

Minimal amount of particles
USP limit: 50 particles of 10+ microns per 1 mL for LVPs
Check by swirling solution and look against light/dark backgrounds

Question 22

Diameter of blood vessels

Answer 22

5 microns

Question 23

Isotonicity

Answer 23

Same concentrations of particles

Question 24

Osmolality

Answer 24

Number of osmols per kg of solvent

Question 25

Osmolarity

Answer 25

Number of osmols per liter of solvent

Question 26

Methods to increase water solubility

Answer 26

pH adjustments and salts
Cosolvents
Micelles
Complexes
O/W emulsions
Prodrugs
Nanoparticles

Question 27

Cosolvants used to increase solubility

Answer 27

Propylene glycol 
Ethanol
Glycerol
Polyethylene glycol
Dimethylacetamide

Question 28

Nonionic surfactants

Answer 28

Tween 80

Ctenophore-EL