Exam 2: Objectives 23-27

Question 1

what part of the vestibular apparatus is responsible for dynamic equilibrium?

Answer 1

semicircular canals

Question 2

which type of sleep is associated with dreams and an active limbic system?

Answer 2

REM sleep

Question 3

brain waves: awake, active

Answer 3

beta

Question 4

diffuse system of neurons which radiates to the cerebral cortex; plays a role in level of consciousness, alertness

Answer 4

reticular activating system

Question 5

which parts of the brain regulate the ability to stay awake?

Answer 5

hypothalamus and brain stem

Question 6

what kind of neuron transmits sudden, sharp pain? dull, persistent pain?

Answer 6

myelinated; unmyelinated

Question 7

what does the mucus of the olfactory epithelium contain?

Answer 7

specific odorant receptors

Question 8

pain pathway: slower and less localized sensation; carries info to reticular activating system

Answer 8

spinoreticular

Question 9

what is the olfactory nerve?

Answer 9

CN I

Question 10

electrodes on the scalp detect synaptic potentials produced by cell bodies and dendrites in the cerebral cortex

Answer 10

EEG

Question 11

what are the 2 pain pathways?

Answer 11

lateral spinothalamic and spinoreticular

Question 12

2 types of brain waves seen during sleep

Answer 12

theta and delta

Question 13

what are the 3 senses involved in balance and equilibrium?

Answer 13

vision, proprioception, vestibular

Question 14

brain waves: awake, relaxed

Answer 14

alpha

Question 15

what are the 2 saclike swellings on the vestibular apparatus called?

Answer 15

utricle and saccule

Question 16

what is this an example of: tilting head to look down at shoes?

Answer 16

linear acceleration

Question 17

how often are olfactory neurons replaced?

Answer 17

every 1-2 months

Question 18

where are the first cells in the olfactory pathway?

Answer 18

olfactory epithelium

Question 19

what causes nystagmus?

Answer 19

the hairs of the cristae are bent while the endolymph is still spinning (inertia)

Question 20

kind of equilibrium: body is still, head is in motion

Answer 20

static

Question 21

what kind of receptors are the vestibular hair cells?

Answer 21

mechanoreceptors

Question 22

what kind of receptors are involved in olfaction?

Answer 22

chemoreceptors

Question 23

what part of the vestibular apparatus is responsible for static equilibrium?

Answer 23

utricle and saccule

Question 24

what neurotransmitter is released when an AP is generated by the hair cells?

Answer 24

glutamate

Question 25

what kind of brain waves are seen during non-REM sleep?

Answer 25

delta

Question 26

The receptors for dynamic equilibrium are called...

Answer 26

cristae ampullaris

Question 27

what do the hair cells in the macula attach to?

Answer 27

CN VIII

Question 28

awareness of the position of the body and limbs in space

Answer 28

proprioception

Question 29

how many semicircular canals are in the vestibular apparatus?

Answer 29

3

Question 30

What is the substance in the semicircular canals that will lag behind due to inertia?

Answer 30

endolymph

Question 31

what structure allows the olfactory nerves to pass through it?

Answer 31

cribriform plate

Question 32

which stage of non-REM sleep is often called "slow-wave" sleep?

Answer 32

stage 3

Question 33

pain pathway: highly localized and very rapid. carries info to the thalamus

Answer 33

lateral spinothalamic

Question 34

what is the only sense that is processed in the limbic system, rather than going to the thalamus?

Answer 34

olfaction

Question 35

what kind of sensory receptor is activated by the release of chemicals from damaged tissues?

Answer 35

nocireceptors

Question 36

When the endolymph in the semicircular canals lags behind, what happens as a result?

Answer 36

cupula lags and hairs are bent \> AP in vestibular neurons

Question 37

what kind of brain waves are seen during REM sleep?

Answer 37

theta

Question 38

Each macula has \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: the tips are anchored to gelatinous block containing crystals called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 38

hair cells; otoliths

Question 39

kind of equilibrium: body is in motion, head is still

Answer 39

dynamic

Question 40

which type of sleep is restorative and is associated with memory storage?

Answer 40

non-REM sleep

Question 41

how do you assess vestibular functioning (possibly in a case of nystagmus)?

Answer 41

cold caloric test

Question 42

where are the hair cells located that detect changes in motion and position of the head?

Answer 42

vestibular apparatus of the inner ear