Exam 2 Review Flashcards
1
Q
What is the most common protein fiber in the body?
A
Collagenous
2
Q
What is ground substance made of?
A
long polysaccharides or vary large carbs
3
Q
What are the two types of dense FCT?
A
Loose and dense connective tissue
4
Q
What are fibroblasts?
A
produce fibers and become fibrocytes
5
Q
What are chondroblasts?
A
cells that secrete matrix of collagen fibers and ground substance
6
Q
What are the three types of cartilage?
A
hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
7
Q
Which of the three types of cartilage is the strongest?
A
hyaline
8
Q
What is the most flexible type of cartilage?
A
elastic
9
Q
What is the most elastic type of cartilage?
A
elastic
10
Q
What are the two types of bone?
A
spongy and compact bone
11
Q
What is spongy bone?
A
found on the interior of many bones
12
Q
What is compact bone?
A
found on exterior of all bones
13
Q
What is the function of the haversian canal?
A
transports blood vessels and nerves
14
Q
What are lamellae?
A
rings around the haversian canal
15
Q
What is an osteon?
A
haversian canal and surrounding lamellae
16
Q
What is an osteocyte?
A
live bone cells
17
Q
What is the periosteum?
A
FCT that surrounds whole bones
18
Q
What are the 3 formed elements of blood?
A
erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
19
Q
What is the ground substance of blood?
A
plasma
20
Q
What are the three parts of a neuron?
A
dendrites, stoma, and axon
21
Q
What is a dendrite?
A
a neuron that carries impulses to the stoma
22
Q
what is the stoma?
A
the cell body
23
Q
what is the axon?
A
carries impulses away from the soma
24
Q
What is neuroglia?
A
protect and assist neurons 50/1
25
What are neurons?
nerve cells that carry impulses
26
What are the three types of muscle cells?
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
27
What are skeletal muscle cells?
cells that attach to bones and are under voluntary control
28
What are cardiac muscle cells?
found only in the heart and are under involuntary control
29
What are smooth muscle cells?
forms walls of muscular organs and are under involuntary control
30
What are the three types of intercellular junctions?
tight, desmosomes, and gap junctions
31
What is a intercalated disc?
specialized junction that connects cells
32
What are the two types of glands?
exocrine glands and endocrine glands
33
What is an exocrine gland?
secretions that reach the surface of an organ
34
What is an endocrine gland?
secretions go to bloodstream
35
What are the three types of secreted material?
serous, mucous, cytogenic
36
What are the two methods of secretion?
merocrine and holocrine
37
What is a melocrine secretion?
are released through exocytosis
38
What is a holocrine secretion?
are released when cell ruptures
39
What the difference between secretion and excretion?
secretion is active excretion is passive
40
What are the three types of membranes?
cutaneous, synovial, and serous
41
What is hypertrophy?
tissue growth cell enlargement
42
What is hyperplasia?
tissue growth cell multiplication
43
What is atrophy?
shrinkage of tissue
44
what is necrosis?
premature death of tissue
45
What is apoptosis?
programmed cell death
46
What is regeneration?
replacement of dead and damaged cells
47
What is fibrosis?
replacement of damage tissue with scar tissue
48
What does thin skin contain?
epidermis, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and hair follicles
49
What does thick skin contain?
sweat glands
50
What are the two layers of the skin?
epidermis and dermis
51
What is the hypodermis?
subcataneous layer of skin
52
What is the epidermis?
outer layer of skin
53
What is the dermis?
layer of connective underneath the epidermis
54
What are the five strata of the epidermis?
basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum
55
What is hemoglobin?
red pigment in blood cells
56
What is melanin?
dark pigment in stratum basale and spinosum
57
What is carotene?
yellow pigment from egg yolk
58
What are the 7 functions of the skin?
resistance to trauma, barrier to uv light, vitamin d synthesis, sensory receptors, thermo receptors through sweating, non verbal communcation
59
What is horripulation?
goosebumps
60
What is hair?
filament of keratinized cells growing from a follicle
61
What is arrector pilli?
bundle of smooth muscle fibers attached to root sheath
62
What are nails?
hard derivatives from the stratum corneum
63
What is the nail matrix?
area of growth
64
What are 3 functions of the hair?
thermoregulation
social functions
sensory functions
65
What are the three sections of the hair?
bulb, root, shaft
66
What are the three layers of the hair?
medulla, cortex, cuticle
67
What is the serous membrane?
internal membrane that lines body cavaties
68
What is the mucous membrane?
lines passageways that open to exterior
69
What are the seven functions of the skeletal system?
support, protection, movement, blood formation, electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, detoxification
70
What are the 4 bone shapes?
Long, short, flat, irregular, and wormian
71
What is the difference between spongy and compact bone?
spongy bone is found on the interior and compact bone is found on the exterior
72
What is the epiphyses?
enlarged end of a long bone
73
What is the diaphysis?
the shaft of a long bone
74
What are nutrient formina?
hole that allows blood vessels and nerves to go through
75
Difference between periosteum and endosteum?
endosteum is located in the epyphesis and periosteum is located in the diaphysis
76
What are preforating fibers?
bundles of fibers that pass from the outside in
77
Why are preforating fibers so important to bone growth?
allows nutrients to pass through
78
What are the 3 types of osteogenic cells?
osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts
79
What do osteoblasts do?
produce more bone cells
80
What are osteocytes?
osteoblasts trapped in matrix
81
What are osteoclasts?
break down bone cells
82
What is red marrow?
blood tissue
83
What is yellow marrow?
fatty tissue
84
What is intramembranous ossification?
creation of bone from membranous tissue
85
What are the 5 stages of ossification?
embryonic tissue forms sheet, osteoid tissue is made, calcium is deposited to form spongy bone, spongy bone become compact bone, osteoclasts reshape interior
86
What happens in fracture repair?
Forms a hematoma, blood clots, cells invade area, granulation tissue is formed, osteogenic cells become chondroblats to make fibrocartilage, lays down collagen, ostoblasts are formed and remodeled
87
What is metaphysis?
transitional zone between epiphysis and diaphysis
88
What are the 5 zones?
1. zone of reserve
2. zone of profileration
3. zone of hypertrophy
4. zone of calcification
5. zone of deposition
89
What is appositional growth?
adding more matrix to the surface
90
What is interstital growth?
adding more matrix internally
91
What is synarthrosis?
little or no movement
92
What is amphiarthroses?
slightly movable joint
93
What are diarthroses?
freely movable joint
94
What is a fibrous joint?
extends from matrix to matrix
95
What are cartilaginous joints?
bones held together by cartilage
96
What are synovial joints?
bones separated by a joint cavity filled with fluid
97
What is a suture?
plan shaped edge
98
What is a gomphoses?
hold teeth into jaw bone
99
What is synovial fluid?
similar to egg white. aids to cartilage and joints
100
What is a meniscus?
a pad of hyaline cartilage between bones
101
What is a bursa?
fibrous sac filled with fluid
102
What is a first class lever?
resistance between effort and resistance
103
What is a second class lever?
resistance between effort and falcrum
104
What is a third class lever?
effort is between resistance and fulcrum
