exam 3 Flashcards
study (119 cards)
1
Q
cranial
A
towards the head
2
Q
caudal
A
towards the tail
3
Q
dorsal
A
towards the back (spine)
4
Q
rostral
A
towards the nose
5
Q
latteral
A
away from the midline
6
Q
distal
A
further away from the body
7
Q
plantar
A
the back of the foot
8
Q
abduction
A
movement away from the body
9
Q
adduction
A
movement towards the body
10
Q
anatomy is
A
the study of the body
11
Q
physiology is
A
the study of body function
12
Q
homeostasis is
A
is process of adapting to the external environment
13
Q
4 basic functions of cell
A
respirate
digestion
reproduction
movement
14
Q
matter is
A
anything that has space and mass
15
Q
an atom is
A
the smallest unit of substance
16
Q
a homegenius mixture contains
A
small particles that will not separate from the solvant if not shaken
17
Q
suspension is
A
a specific type of heterogeneous particles that will separate from the solvent
18
Q
covalent bonds are
A
strong bonds that that result from sharing electrons
19
Q
three things that influence a rate of physiologic reaction
A
temperature
concentration
activation of energy
20
Q
organic compound contain the element
A
carbon
21
Q
what is considered universal solvant
A
water
22
Q
carbohydrates primarily function to provide
A
energy
23
Q
saturated fats come from
A
an animal
24
Q
primary function of protein is
A
cell structure
25
ATP is
primary energy storage in the body
26
cytoplasm contain
all internal structure of cells exept the nucleus
27
95% of energy required by the cell is produced by
mitochandrea
28
cellular genetic material is composed of
DNA
RNA
29
fluid makes up
60% of adult animal body
80% of puppies and kittens
50% in geriatrics
30
without water death results in
2-4 days in dogs cats humans
31
electrolytes are
not equally distributed from the body
32
osmolality is
the measure of solutes in the fluid
33
miosis refers to
division of sex cells
34
three things that result in cellular mutation
dna
chemical exposure
radiation exposure
35
isotonic fluids contain
the same electrolytes in the same proportion as blood plasma
36
hypertonic fluid contains
more electrolytes in higher concentration than blood plasma
37
edema is
when there is more fluid that accumulates in the body tissue
38
dehydration at 10-15% results
in death
39
what are 4 tissue types
connective
epithelial
muscle
nervous
40
what are functions of epithelial tissue
protection
absorbes nutrients
sensory
filters biochemical substances
41
junction complexes are
flexible bonds that are between epithelial cells
42
functions of basal membrane
from a barrier between cell and a tissue
allows nutrient and waste diffusion in and out of the cell
43
cilia is
multiple hairlike projection that displays wave like motion
44
microvilla is
finger like projection that serve to increase surface
45
endocrine glands
release secretion into the blood stream
do not have ducts or tubules
46
exocrine glands
release secretions that act locally
have ducts or tubules
47
connective tissue is
vascular
contains greater percentage of of matrix than living cells
most abundant tissue type by weight
48
adipose tissue that plays a role in hibernating species is
brown adipose
49
a specialized, very smooth connective tissue found in synovial joints is
hyaline cartilage
50
the nonliving matrix of the specialized connective tissue blood consists of
plasma and platlets
51
does cartilage heal rapidly
no
52
mucus is made up of
water, electrolytes, protein
53
skeletal muscle is classified as
striated voluntary
54
smooth muscle classified as
non-striated involantary
55
cardiac muscle classified as
striated involuntary
56
nerve cells contain all except
intercalated disc
57
the first step to healing process is
inflammation
58
wound healing occurs
from edge to edge
59
what are functions of integumantary system
protection
maintaining n body temperature
provides sensory input
60
3 layers of the skin
dermis
epidermis
hypodermis
61
structures in the dermis are
hair follicles
blood and lymph vessels
nerves
62
phases of hair growth
anlagen
catagen
telogen
63
what factors influence hair growth
light cycles
environmental temperature
hormone levels
64
primary hair is
thicker, longer straiter hair produced from a cannine hair follicles
65
sebascus gland
secrete sebum
may empty into hair follicle
66
what do horns do
grow continuously
grow in males and females
67
what do antlers do
grow in males
shed annually
68
corium
provides nutrients for nail, hoof and horn tissue
69
functions of a bone
protection
storage of minerals
production of calcium
70
compact bone is
dense, strong outer layer of a bone
71
Haversian canals are
canals that that run parrallel to the long axis of a bone that allow blood vessels to penetrate to deeper bone tissue
72
volksman's canals are;
canals that enter the bony matrix at right angles to the long axis of the bone
73
epiphyseal plate is
cartilaginous band of tissue located near the end of long bones
74
most blood cell production takes place in
red marrow
75
the division of the skeletal system consisting of the skull, spine, ribs and sternum is the
axial skeleton
76
how many bones are in the skull
37-38
77
the hole at the base of the skull is called
foramen magnum
78
three bones that are responsible for hearing are
malleus
incus
stapes
79
the fibrocartilage sac located between vertebrae is an
intervertebral
80
what is second cervical vertebra called
axis
81
what does lumbar vertebrae have heavy vertebral bodies
to support abdominal organs
82
the first sternabrae is called
manubrium
83
the major weight baring bone of the upper forelimb is the
humerus
84
the bone of the upper forelimb is the
ulna
85
metacarpals and metatarsals bones are numbered from
medial to latteral
86
in a cattle a body weight is carried on
2 digits
87
the weight of bearing metacarpal bone in the horse is
cannon bone
88
the small non weight bearing bone in the lower pelvic limb is
fibula
89
what joint allows the greatest range of motion
ball and socket
90
what are characteristics off muscle tissue
contractibility
excitability
extensibiity
91
an antagonist muscle
opposes the agonist
92
thoracic limb extensor muscle sometimes used for intramuscular injection
triceps brachii
93
the pelvic limb muscle that is not used for intramuscular injections
biceps brachii
94
what abdominal muscles involved in respiration
diaphragm
external intercostals
internal intercostals
95
the primary neurotransmitter released into synaptic space is
acetylcholine
96
what is the primary ion involved in muscle contraction
calcium
97
anaerobic muscle contraction results in the production of
lactic acid
98
sympathetic stimulation of cardiac muscle results in
increased heart rate
99
where is visceral smooth muscle found
found in walls of stomach, intestines &uterus
100
superficial
near the surface
101
ventral
underneath on the animal (stomach)
102
toward the midline
medial
103
proximal
closer to the body
104
three primary organic compounds in the body are
carbohydrates
fats
proteins
105
matter is composed of what 3 elements
carbon hydrogen oxygen
106
in the body electrolytes are
ionized salts
107
ascites is
excessive fluid accumulation in the abdomen
108
functions of skeletal system
support&structure
protection of internal structures
blood cell production
mineral storage
109
the right atrium and right ventricle are responsible for
circulation to and from the lungs
110
the left atrium and left ventricle are responsible for
circulation to the body
111
the fibrous sac surrounding the heart
pericardium
112
the middle layer of cardiac tissue is
myocardium
113
the cavity in which heart is located
mediastinum
114
vessels that branch off the aorta and bring oxygynated blood to the heart are
coronary artereis
115
the active contraction phase of cardiac cycle is called
systole
116
the volume of the blood ejected from the left ventricle over a unit of time is called
cardiac output
117
which artery carries deoxygenated blood
pulmonary
118
in dogs and cats pulses are frequntly palpated using
femoral artery
119
