exam 3 Flashcards
(274 cards)
1
Q
intra-psychic
A
within the psyche
2
Q
intra-psychic theorists
A
freud and jung
3
Q
freud and jung concerned with
A
inner workings
4
Q
inter-psychic
A
between psyches
5
Q
inter psych theorists
A
adler and Sullivan
6
Q
adler and sullivan were concerned with
A
interaction of people
7
Q
adler was or was not Freuds student
A
was not
8
Q
adler established ___ clinics
A
child guided
9
Q
instead of Freuds sexual instincts, adler emphasized
A
inborn social interest
10
Q
individualized psychology more interested in conscious or unconscious
A
conscious
11
Q
individualized psychology is who
A
adler
12
Q
individual psychology/adler adopted a ___ approach that emphasizes the effects of ____
A
teleological, future goals on current behavior
13
Q
feelings of inferiority
A
in response to real or imagined disabilities or inadequacies
14
Q
individual psychology: motivation for
A
compensating for the feelings of inferiority
15
Q
striving for superiority
A
innate drive toward competence and effectiveness
16
Q
style of life
A
ways people strive for superiority
17
Q
style of life is influenced by
A
first 5 years of life
18
Q
style of life: parental attitudes determine
A
healthiness or unhealthiness
19
Q
healthy style of life
A
guided by goals that are personal and towards social interest
20
Q
unhealthy/mistaken style of life
A
characterized by overcompensation for feelings of inferiority
21
Q
unhealthy style of life guided by
A
goals that are self-centered and lack concern for others
22
Q
therapy goals and techniques of individualized psychology
A
to replace the mistaken, unhealthy style of life with a healthier, adaptive one
23
Q
phases of therapy individualized psychology
A
- establish therapeutic relationship based on trust and confidence
- explore development of clients mistaken life
- develop social interest
24
Q
strategy of therapy individualized psychology
A
early recollection
dream interpretation
encouragement
modeling
prescribing symptom
‘acting as if’
25
adler says humans are innately
social
26
adler: factors influencing our behavior
social interest
inferiority complex
need to be superior
life goals
27
social interest
feeling meaningful by working for the interest of others
28
social interest is expressed only if it is
nurtured
29
inferiority complex
innate
developed later
30
need to be superior
people become more efficient
31
life goals
importance of future
32
human culture and society
development of individual personality
orientation of emotions and behavior
33
adler: human beings
instincts, drives, and needs to maintain life and reproduce
34
social interest
urge in human nature to adapt oneself to the conditions of the social environment
35
social interest expressed subjectively in
feelings of commonality with others
36
social interest expressed objectively in
cooperation for betterment of society
37
social interest expressed only if
nurtured
38
principle of finalism
we have to look at the future to explain human behavior, not to the past
39
principle of finalism: purposefulness of
human behavior, teleology
40
principle of finalism: individuals are oriented toward
future goals
41
fict-goals
fictions we have created based on our interpretations of the world
assumptions about world
42
basic motivation for life
striving for superiority
43
inferiority feelings arise from childhood dependence and lead us to strive for
superiority
44
striving for superiority: initially associated with _____ but later realized ____
inferiority with femininity
society played a role in perpetuating male dominance
45
striving for superiority: suggested that masculinity had a negative impact on
men and women
46
masculine protest is a compensation for
ones inferiority
47
unique way each individual seeks to cope with environment to develop superiority
style of life
48
style of life established by
age 5
49
types of style of life
ruling, getting, avoiding, socially useful
50
adler family constellation
ones position within the family according to birth order
51
interprets experience of the organism and establishes a person's style of life
creative self
52
adler: the goal of the individual are established, maintained, and pursued by the
creative self
53
consciousness central to personality
we can understand motives through self-examination
54
opposite of Freuds emphasis on the unconscious
creative self
55
adler: neuroses
unrealistic life goals
56
Alderian psychotherapy goals
establish contact
win confidence of patient
aim to restore patients sense of reality
examine and disclose errors in goals and style of life
cultivate social interest
57
alders theory stems from
clinical observation
58
adlers theory primary tools of assessment
three gates to mental life
59
three 'gates to mental life'
birth order, early memories, dreams
60
research on birth order continues
IQ, sibling rivalry
61
adler emphasized ___ POV rather than empirically
philosophically
62
adler and freud parted ways and
he developed individual psychology
63
adler and Sullivans theories were both ___-psychic
inter
64
to adler, there are several motivating forces under human behavior
need to be superior, inferiority complex
compensation
social interest
life goals
65
to adler, style of life is
personality
66
adler create self part of personality which interprets
experience of the organism and establishes a persons style of life
67
to adler, neurosis was a result of
unrealistic life goals
68
adler: to understand a person we have to look at
early memories, birth order, dreams
69
Neo-freudians downplayed importance of
instinctual drives
70
neo-freudians focused on
social and cultural contribution to personality
71
Neo-freudians: personality can be affected
by events throughout life
72
sullivan: role of ___, ____ in personality development
cognition, perception of interpersonal relationships
73
personality according to Sullivan
the characteristic ways or the manner in which an individual deals with and relates to other people
74
who believed the way we interact with people are using our personalities
sullivan
75
sullivan: anxiety is
interpersonal in origin and observable
76
any painful feeling or emotion that may arise from organic needs or social insecurity
anxiety
77
anxiety may lead a person to be unaware of
motives and the devices developed to reduce anxiety
78
security operations
sullivan devices to reduce anxiety (defense mechanism)
79
different tactics that we have developed throughout life that lead us feeling accepted and secure
security operations
80
ways to experience the world and relate to others
cognitive processes
81
proteotoxic experience
no distinction between self and world
characteristics of an infant
82
parataxic experience
perceive casual relations between events that happen together
characteristics of young child
83
example of parataxic
parents are arguing, child thinks it is because of them
therapist wants to go on vaca, patient gets upset
84
syntaxis experience relies on
symbols shaped by other people and on consensual validation, or agreement among persons
characteristic of mature adult
85
empathy
understanding others' feelings
86
parataxic distortions
child cannot go to syntax stage
87
Sullivans security operations: not aware when we use them, but they are
observable and interpersonal
88
security operations are healthy if they
help in our interpersonal relations
89
security operations are unhealthy if
hinder our interpersonal relations
90
selective inattention is a form of
security operation
91
failure to observe factors that may cause anxiety in interpersonal situation
selective inattention
92
as if behavior
act out a false but practical role
93
expressing emotions in a social acceptable way
sublimation
94
learning we have problems because we developed security operations that are not functional anymore
sublimation
95
processes, behavior patterns, pattern of energy transformation that characterize interpersonal relations
dynamisms
96
flow of energy between people
dynamisms
97
energy is inherent when
we are born
98
we all need to be ____ in a group
noticed, accepted, respected
99
malevolent transformation of personality occurs when
child experiences neglect or abuse
100
all security operations used to defend the self against anxiety and protect self-esteem
self-system
101
group feelings, attitudes, and thoughts that arise out of one's interpersonal experiences
personification
102
basis of stereotype
personification
103
result of experiences with rewards and anxiety in childhood
different selfs
104
different self's can result in
dissociations of the self; certain experiences being cut from the self
105
the good-me self
satisfaction with oneself
106
the bad-me self
organized around experiences to be avoided because they are anxiety producing
107
the not-me self
aspects of the self that are regarded as dreadful and that cannot be permitted to consciousness
108
Sullivans 6 stages of development
infancy, childhood, juvenile era, preadolescence, early adolescence, late adolescence
109
sullivan: infancy
interpersonal relationships that crystallize around the feeling situation
110
sullivan: childhood
the development of healthy relationships with one's parents
111
sullivan: juvenile era
the need to relate to playmates and same-sex peers
112
sullivan: preadolescence
chum relationship, the beginning of intimate reciprocal human relationships; could entail overt homosexual genital activity
113
sullivan: early adolescence
the development of a lust dynamism and a stable heterosexual pattern of sexual satisfaction
114
sullivan: late adolescence
integration and stabilization of culturally appropriate adult social, vocational, and economic behavior
115
sullivan psychotherapy
interpersonal process in which one person assists another in resolving problems
116
sullivan psychotherapy emphasizes
participant observation technique of assessment
117
Sullivan psychotherapy interview consists of
inception, reconnaissance, detailed inquiry, termination
118
sullivan psychotherapy: therapist is a
participant observer who establishes an interpersonal relationship and provides opportunity for syntaxic communication
119
sullivanian therapists attempt to help patients develop
foresight, discover difficulties in interpersonal relations, restore ability to participate in consensually validated experiences
120
sullivan psychotherapy involves
examining the patient-therapist relationship and dealing with anxiety
121
sullivan psychotherapy examination of
immediate interpersonal crises
122
sullivan psychotherapy patient is made aware of
parataxic distortions
123
sullivan psychotherapy when working with alcoholics search for
co-dependence patterns
124
constructive reverie
exploration of the future of interpersonal relationships
125
inception
introduction of the problem
126
reconnaissance
development of case history through asking questions
127
phase of therapy when the therapist develops tentative hypothesis about patient
reconnaissance
128
detailed inquiry
testing of hypothesis developed in previous stage
129
termination
summarization of what has been learned and prescribing of certain actions
130
sullivan emphasized ___ approach
scientific
131
sullivan greatest contribution to psychotherapy
shifting treatment from intra-psychic world of individual to inter-psychic relations of family
132
sullivan anxiety is a
interpersonal painful feeling or emotion that may rise from organic needs or social insecurity
133
selective attention: __ behavior
as if
134
security operations can be healthy or unhealthy depending on
how they affect the interpersonal relations
135
sullivan: personality or self system is a collection of
all security operations of the person
136
sullivan: _____ are important in the development of healthy personality
early parental interactions
137
during pre-adolescence, the ____ relationships are the most important
chum
138
ways to experience the world and relate to others should go through a cognitive process from
prototoxic, parataxic, syntaxic
139
karen Horney: social forces within
family
140
Erich fromm: social forces within
society as a whole
141
Horney challenges
having a career and children
142
Horney contemporary to
freud, jung, adler, sullivan
143
Horney disagreement with freudian perspective led her to establish the association for
advancement of psychoanalysis and American institute of psychoanalysis
144
Horney: we are born into a helpless state which creates
anxiety
145
Horney: we have innate needs to be ___ others, _____ others, _____
with, different from, be independent
146
Horney: we try to reduce anxiety by
moving forward, moving against, moving away from people
147
Horney: personality is related to
how our basic needs were met by our primary caregivers and their parenting styles
148
according to Horney, personality is a total of
coping strategies or defenses against basic anxiety and basic orientation toward others
149
Horney: personality is affected by
relationship between real-self and ideal-self
150
Horney: in the neurotic individual, the idealized self and real self become
separated
151
in comparison to Freuds theories, hornets theories more strongly endorse
feminist viewpoints and social forces as explanations of human behavior
152
women's feelings of inferiority results from
living in a patriarchal society
153
horneys viewpoints were very influential in
feminist psychology, parenting styles, on Fromm
154
Horney ____ approach
sociocultural
155
horney: humans are ___ beings
social
156
horney: needs/interpersonal tendencies we are born with
needing others/move toward
needing to be different from others/move against
needing to be independent/move away
157
Horney: anatomy is not
destiny
158
womb envy
each gender is jealous of the attributes that belong to the other gender
159
idealizes self
what a person thinks he or she should be
160
Horney: basic anxiety
intense feeling of being lonely and helpless in a hostile world
161
perception of the environment as dangerous and unfair
basic anxiety
162
negative factors that provoke insecurity
basic evil
163
parental attitudes can reduce or intensify this basic anxiety, turning it to
neurotic anxiety
164
basic evil impact of early relationship on
anxiety
165
Horney: to defend against basic anxiety
adoption of certain interpersonal coping strategies based on inborn tendencies
166
Horney interpersonal coping strategies
moving toward others
moving against others
moving away from others
167
uses all strategies to a certain extent
healthy individual
168
habitually relies only on one
neurotic individual
169
defense attitudes that become exaggerated or inappropriate strivings
neurotic needs
170
three types of coping strategies or primary modes of relating
moving toward, moving against, moving away
171
moving toward
friendly
loving vs compliance
not able to say no
dependence
172
moving against
competition vs aggression
hostility
173
moving away
autonomy
serenity vs detachement
174
neurotic solutions or solutions leading to neurosis
self-effacing solution
self-expansive
resignation
175
self-effacing solution
exaggerated need for affection and approval
appeal to be loved
176
self-expansive solution
neurotic need to be admired and to exploit that admiration
attempt at mastery
177
resignation solution
desire to be free of others
178
Horney emphasis on parenting lead to parenting research
felt security
parental sensitivity
179
baumrind's parenting styles
warmth/support
behavioral control
psychological control
indulgent
authoritarian
authoritative
180
high on warmth, low on control
indulgent
181
high on control, low on warmth
authoritarian
182
high on demand, high on warmth
authoritative
183
bowlby and __ theory
attachment
184
Ainsworth and colleagues and the 'strange situation' experiment
secure, avoidant, anxious/resistant, disorganized
185
brain studies related to interpersonal neurobiology
attachment patterns can be changed by altering the synaptic connections
186
real self
represents what we are; those things that are true about us
187
idealized self
represents what we think we should be
188
idealized used as a model to assist us in
developing our potential and achieving self-actualization
189
the 'devils pact'
alienation
190
alienation
identification with the ideal self instead of the real or actual self
191
feminine psychology
psychology theory that focuses on women's experiences
192
woman's feelings of inferiority results from
living in a patriarchal society
193
flight from womanhood
due to experiences of social and cultural disadvantages
194
womb envy against
Freuds penis envy
195
women have a superior role in sexual life due to
ability to bear and nurse children
196
impressive achievements of men in creative fields may be seen as
compensations for inability to bear children
197
Horney: self analysis can assist
normal personality development
198
ket method
free association followed by reflection
199
self analysis: greater ____ understanding of patient
inter-personal
200
horney: used ___ and ___ as her assessment of personality
free association, dream analysis
201
horney stimulated research in
feminine psychology
hyper-competitiveness
attachment theory
parenting styles
202
horney was philosophical or scientific
scientific
203
horney theory reflects deep
philosophical commitments
204
hyper-competitiveness
individuals would do anything necessary to place themselves in a position of advantage compared to other
205
fromm: ___ analysis
lay
206
fromm: humanistic social analysis because
it attempts a synthesis of the thoughts of freud and marx
207
founder of political psychology
fromm
208
fromm moved from instinctual approach to
socially determined psychology
209
fromm: personality is shaped by the way
people relate to each other and by the socio-economic and political structure of the society
210
fromm said human beings are different from animals because
awareness, connectedness
211
fromm: humans have several existential needs
relatedness, transcendence, rootedness, sense of identity, frame of orientation, object of devotion, excitation and stimulation
212
existential needs can be fulfilled or frustrated depending on
economic system
213
for life: ___ mode
being
214
for aggression: ___ mode
having
215
being mode
for life
216
having mode
for aggression
217
fromm: human condition basic needs
loneliness is not for human beings
relatedness
transcendence
rootedness
sense of identity
frame of orientation and object of devotion
excitation and simulation
218
fromm: essential human nature
capacity to be creative, loving, productive
219
fromm: healthy character orientation
biphilous character orientation
220
biphilous character orientation
nurturing, caring, serving, giving
221
fromm: healthy mode of living
being mode
depends on the fact of existing
222
societies prevent individuals from
realizing their essential human nature
223
unhealthy character orientation
necrophilous character orientation
224
necrophilous character orientation
seek to Destry life
225
unhealthy character orientation emerges when
life forces are frustrated
226
unhealthy mode of living
having mode
possessions that a person has
227
personality according to fromm
personality is the totality of inherited and acquired psychic qualities which are characteristics of one individual and make the individual unique
228
fromm: inherited qualities
temperament
229
temperament mode of
reaction
230
fromm: acquired qualities
character
231
fromm: acquired qualities essentially formed by
person's early life experience
232
ethics
the manner in which one relates to the world constitutes the core of their character
233
fromm: differentiates between two basic types of character
productive orientation
non-productive orientation
234
productive orientation
fully developed character
aim of human development
235
non-productive orientation
receptive, exploitative, hoarding, marketing
236
non-productive orientation: receptive
expects to receive it from the outside, becomes dependent
237
non-productive orientation: exploitative
wants to take it from others by force or cunning, due to envy
238
non-productive orientation: hoarding
jealousy possessive that they do not want their loved ones (possessions) to be shared with others
239
non-productive orientation: marketing
identity is not in reference to self but in reference to other peoples opinion about self
240
productiveness
fundamental attitude
241
mode of relatedness in all realms of human experience
productiveness
242
mans realization of his potentialities and the use of them
productiveness
243
use ones power and potency
the person must be free and not dependent on others
244
use of reason/intuition
use of love
245
use of reason/intuition: to understand the
essence of things
246
use of reason/intuition: to break through
the wall which separates one person from another
247
use of reason/intuition to visualize things
not yet existing
248
systems of thoughts, works of art, are all created by
a mans productiveness
249
the most important object of productiveness
man himself
250
if a person can make a productive use of his powers he may be said to have a ____ character, if not then he as _____ character
productive
non-productive
251
freedom is a basic human condition that posits a
psychological problem
252
fromm: as people have gained freedom, normal people have become
characterized by feelings of separation and isolation
253
according to fromm, ___ separates human nature from animal nature
loneliness
254
for humans, loneliness leads to
unhappiness
255
according to fromm freedom is an aspect of human nature due to
our awareness
256
ways to approach freedom
embrace it, escape it
257
approach freedom: embrace it
healthy
258
approach freedom: escape it
root of psychological conflicts
259
fromm: escape mechanisms
automaton conformity
Authoritarianism
destructiveness
260
automaton conformity
changing one's ideal self to conform to a perception of societies preferred type of personality, losing ones true self in the process
261
Authoritarianism
giving control to oneself to another
262
destructiveness
any process which attempts to eliminate others or the world as whole
263
health and happiness relating spontaneously to
love and work
264
health and happiness: genuinely expressing
emotional, sensual, intellectual abilities
265
assessment and research in Fromm's theory have focused on
culture and society and their influence of character
266
fromm rejected
scientism
267
fromm: psychology cannot be separated by
philosophy, ethics, sociology, economics
268
fromm has illuminated our understanding of
culture and society and their influence on personality
269
freud: will towards
pleasure
270
horney: will towards
interpersonal interaction and belonging
271
jung: will towards
integration
272
adler: will towards
power/competency
273
sullivan: will towards
feeling socially safe/secure
274
