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BIO 344 > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What does endocytosis take up?

A
  • Macromolecules
  • Particulate substances
  • In some cases other cells
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2
Q

What does phagocytosis mean, and what does it use?

A
  • cell eating

- use phagosomes > 250nm diameter

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3
Q

What does pinocytosis mean and what does it take up?

A
  • cell drinking

- fluid and solutes with pinocytic vesicles about 100nm diameter

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4
Q

What are two types of endocytosis?

A
  • phagocytosis

* pinocytosis

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5
Q

What do phagosomes ingest?

A

*larger particles (microbes, dead cells)

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6
Q

What do phagosomes fuse with?

A

*lysosomes and they are digested

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7
Q

Where are digested products released into?

A

*cytosol to be used for growth

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8
Q

Where is indigestible material released?

A

*expelled via exocytosis

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9
Q

What are two professional phagocytes?

A

*macrophages and neutrophils

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10
Q

Where do MO and neutrophils develop from?

A

*hemopoetic stem cell

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11
Q

What do MO and neutrophils ingest?

A

*foreign invaders

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12
Q

What does MO also scavenge for?

A

*old/dead cells and degrades them

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13
Q

What does phagocytosis require?

A

*that a particle must bind to the surface of the phagocyte

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14
Q

What process is a triggered process?

A

*phagocytosis

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15
Q

What process requires the activation of receptors that transmit signals to the cell interior?

A

*phagocytosis

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16
Q

What process is a constitutive process (happens automatically)?

A

*pinocytosis

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17
Q

What is always happening regardless of the needs of the cell?

A

*pinocytosis

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18
Q

What triggers phagocytosis?

A
  • binding of an antibody to an antigen
  • Recognition of compliment components
  • Recognition of oligosaccharides
  • Recognition of apoptosis
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19
Q

What will not phagocytize?

A

*living animal cells (contain do not eat me signal)

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20
Q

What are living animal cells made of?

A

*cell surface proteins

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21
Q

What do living animal cells bind to?

A
  • inhibitor receptors on MO and prevents phagocytosis
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22
Q

What do pinocytic vesicles form from?

A

*coated pits in the plasma membrane

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23
Q

What do all eukaryotic cells continually ingest?

A

*bits of their plasma membrane in the form of small pinocytic vesicles

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24
Q

What percent of their plasma membrane do MO and fibroblast ingest?

A
  • MO: 25% each hour

* F: 1% per minute

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25
Q

How does cell surface to volume remain unchanged?

A

*endocytosis and exocytosis are balanced

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26
Q

What is the endocytic- exocytic cycle?

A
  • Same amount of membrane being removed by endocytosis is being added to the cell surface by the converse process of exocytosis
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27
Q

Where is the endocytic-exocytic cycle particularly strict?

A

*specialized structures characterized by high membrane turnover, such as the neuronal synapse

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28
Q

How does the endocytic part of the cycle begin?

A

*with clathrin-coated pits

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29
Q

What is the lifetime of clathrin coated pits?

A

*about 1 minute after formation

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30
Q

What forms after the clathrin coated pit lifetime is over?

A

*clathrin coated vesicle

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31
Q

What is shed within seconds of being formed, then what does it fuse with?

A

*their coat, then fuse with early endosomes

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32
Q

What cleaves the clathrin from the plasma membrane?

A

*dynamin

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33
Q

What do some pinocytic vesicles have if they are not clathrin coated?

A

*caveolae “little cavities”

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34
Q

What were caveolae originally recognized for?

A

*Originally recognized for ability to transport molecules across endothelial cells

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35
Q

What are caveolae thought to form from?

A

*lipid rafts

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36
Q

What is a major structural protein that does not extend across the membrane?

A

*caveolins

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37
Q

What does caveolins mediate?

A

*pinocytosis

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38
Q

What is a Family of unusual integral membrane proteins

that Inserts a hydrophobic loop in the membrane from the cytosolic side?

A

*caveolins

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39
Q

What does caveolae do as a result of lipid composition?

A

*invaginate and collect cargo protein

40
Q

What may stabilize lipid raft domains?

A

*invagination of caveolae

41
Q

What Deliver cargo to an endosome-like compartment (caveosome) or the plasma membrane

A

*invagination of caveolae

42
Q

What do caveolins become a part of?

A

*target membrane

43
Q

What happens if the SV40 (simian vacuolating virus) targets caveolae?

A

*tumors

44
Q

What happens if the Papiloma virus targets caveolae?

A

*warts

45
Q

Why do we care about caveolae?

A

*targets for viral entry

46
Q

How do most animals take up their cholesterol?

A

*Receptor Mediated Endocytosis

47
Q

What is used for cells to import specific macromolecules?

A

*Receptor Mediated Endocytosis

48
Q

What happens to an animal if uptake of cholesterol is blocked?

A

*if blocked it would disrupt bilayer formation, hormone production, membrane fluidity, lipid rafts, and clathrin coated vesicle formation

49
Q

How is Cholesterol is transported in the blood and in the form of what?

A

*as cholesteryl esters in the form of lipid protein particles

50
Q

What are the lipid protein particles called?

A

*low density lipoprotein (LDL)

51
Q

What is LDL?

A
  • sticky , not a lot of proteins coating the surface
  • no removal property
  • undergoes receptor mediated endocytosis
52
Q

What takes excess cholesterol and removes it?

A

*HDL

53
Q

What happens when membranes are being synthesized?

A

*make receptor for cholesterol and that inserts itself into the membrane and LDL diffuse until they associate with clathrin coated pits

54
Q

What do normal LDL receptors facilitate?

A

*transport of cholesteryl esters in clathrin coated vesicles

55
Q

What does a defective LDL receptor protein cause?

A

*high levels of blood cholesterol and heart disease

56
Q

What happens if a cell accumulates too much cholesterol?

A

*Changes the way the cell works, the cell grows and gets fat, hyper-accumulation of lipids, stays in blood stream (causes anthroscrosis)

57
Q

What happens to Transmembrane Receptor Proteins That have Been Endocytosed?

A
  • recycling
  • transcytosis
  • degradation
58
Q

WHat is degradation?

A

*breaking them down into amino acids (degradation, and recycling is inefficient)

59
Q

What is employed most often, and what is needed for it?

A

*trancytosis (most energetically favorable, have to have compatible rab and SNARE proteins)

60
Q

What are recycled during transcytosis?

A

*endosomes

61
Q

What transports vesicles from the TGN and delivers new lipids and proteins for the plasma membrane?

A

*exocytosis

62
Q

What are the two exocytosis pathways?

A
  • constitutive secretory pathway

* regulated secretory pathway

63
Q

What pathway is always on, and always taking things to the cell surface?

A

*constitutive secretory pathway

64
Q

What pathway is present in specialized cells, and the vesicle collect at the plasma membrane but won’t fuse without a trigger?

A

*regulated secretory pathway

65
Q

What is the target for lysosomes?

A

*tagged with M6P

66
Q

What does not require a particular signal and is the default pathway?

A

*secretion

67
Q

What is an example of a unpolarized cell?

A

*WBC, fibroblast

68
Q

Any protein in the lumen of the Golgi is automatically carried by what and to what?

A

*by the constitutive pathway to the cell surface

69
Q

What are polarized cells?

A
  • directionality

* most cells in our body

70
Q

Where do secretory vesicles bud from?

A

*trans Golgi network

71
Q

Where are secretory proteins packaged?

A

*TGN

72
Q

What do secretory vesicles possess?

A

*unique proteins in their membrane (may serve as receptors for protein aggregates)

73
Q

What happens as secretory vesicles move away from the TGN?

A

*mature (vesicle fuse, cargo concentrated, membrane recycling)

74
Q

What happens to secretory and membrane protein concentration as they move from the ER through the Golgi?

A

*become more concentrated because of retrograde retrieval process?

75
Q

What is retrograde retrieval process?

A

*pinches off excess membrane and sends it back

76
Q

What is retrograde retrieval process mediated by?

A

*COP I coated transport vesicles that exclude them

77
Q

What does KDEL do?

A

*help retro transport chaperon that are present in ER that accidently get transported to the Golgi, and also help retrieve soluble ER proteins

78
Q

What is a seven transmembrane domain protein?

A

*KDEL receptor

79
Q

What happens to proteins during the formation of secretory vesicles?

A

*often proteolytically processed (taking a long molecule and breaking it down into smaller ones)

80
Q

Many polypeptide hormones and neuropeptides, as well as many secreted hydrolytic enzymes, are synthesized as?

A

*inactive protein precursors

81
Q

What is necessary for activation?

A

*proteolysis (begins in TGN and continues in secretory vesicles)

82
Q

Why is proteolytic processing so common in the secretory pathway?

A

*really effective way to operate, a lot more opportunities to rapidly change to our environment

83
Q

Where do secretory vesicles wait?

A

*near the plasma membrane until signaled to release their contents

84
Q

What is constitutive secretion?

A

*Vesicles fuse with membrane as they arrive

85
Q

What is regulated pathway?

A

*Vesicles wait until proper trigger

86
Q

What does localized exocytosis of cargo protein do?

A

*allows for targeted cell killing (don’t have to kill healthy cells if we can specify a direction)

87
Q

Why is it import for some regulated exocytosis events to enlarge the plasma membrane?

A

*important in cytokinesis following mitosis

88
Q

What are some regulated exocytosis events that make the PM larger?

A
  • cleavage furrow
  • phagocytosis
  • wound repair
89
Q

What do epithelial cells secrete?

A

*digestive enzymes and mucus into the lumen

90
Q

Proteins from the ER are destined for what?

A

*different domains (travel together until they reach the TGN)

91
Q

What are the two ways of sorting proteins in polarized cells?

A
  • direct sorting of membrane proteins in the TGN

* indirect soring via endosomes

92
Q

What can synaptic vesicles form directly from?

A

*endocytic vesicle

93
Q

What are two types of secretory vesicles?

A
  • dense-cored secretory vesicles

* synaptic vesicles

94
Q

Synaptic vesicles are what?

A

*abundant, uniform in size

95
Q

What are the best characterized organelle of the cell?

A

*synaptic vesicles

BIO 344 (3 decks)

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