Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
OSHA requires that the deceased’s face be covered whenever being moved. Why?
A
Purge
2
Q
Have proper hazard protection available, which are these
A
Drench shower, eye wash, fire extinguisher
3
Q
This should be poured on HCHO spills
A
Ammonia
4
Q
When HCHO is spilled, ammonia should be poured onto and cleaned up with cold water, then placed in an air tight bag. Why?
A
Fumes will still be released
5
Q
Never use HCHO based chemicals as an antiseptic. Why?
A
HCHO is a preservative, and suitable only for dead tissue
6
Q
Bleach and HCHO mixed with a catalyst can cause what?
A
Bischloromethyl Ether (BCME)
7
Q
Pour embalming chemicals in the tank ________ the water has been added
A
After
8
Q
Why should embalming chemicals be added after the water has been added?
A
To decrease fumes/aerosolization
9
Q
____________ are liquid agents, solutions of solids, liquids, and gases which can be injected into the body arterially or hypodermically or can be applied to the surface as a spray, wash, or pack
A
Embalming fluids
10
Q
The main chemical compounds common to all embalming solutions are
A
Formaldehyde and Methyl Alcohol
11
Q
What are the two other names for methyl alcohol
A
Methanol
Wood Alcohol
12
Q
OL =
A
Alcohol
13
Q
AL =
A
Aldehyde
14
Q
The fundamental purpose of embalming fluid is
A
Vascular Injection
15
Q
Embalming fluid or embalming chemicals are subdivided into these categories
A
Arterial fluid
Cavity Fluid
16
Q
Fluid injected for purposes other than preservation and disinfection
A
Supplemental Fluids
17
Q
Supplemental fluids generally fall into one of three categories. What are they?
A
Pre-Injection
Co-Injection
Humectants
18
Q
What are the 9 types of supplemental fluids?
A
Pre-Injection Co-Injection Bleaching Agents Astringent Fluids Edematous Fluids Germicide Enhancers Humectants Water Conditioners Active Dyes
19
Q
Fluids that can be injected prior to the arterial solution being injected
A
Pre-Injection
20
Q
What are the two examples of pre-injection?
A
Anticoagulants and Water conditioners
21
Q
All pre-injection fluid can be used as _________
A
Co-Injection
22
Q
Fluids that are injected simultaneously with the arterial fluid
A
Co-Injection
23
Q
What are the examples of co-injection fluid?
A
Active Dyes Water Conditioners Anticoagulants Humectants Edematous Fluids
24
Q
Not all co-injection fluids can be used as _______
A
Pre-Injection fluids
25
A co-injection that cannot be used as a pre-injection is a
Humectant
26
These fluids can sometimes be used as a co-injection (rarely) or by themselves topically or hypodermically
Bleaching Agents
27
An example of a bleaching agent would be?
Phenol
28
Used for excessive moisture
Astringent Fluids
29
In what cases would astringent fluids be used?
```
Edema
Excess moisture
Tissue Gas
Trauma Cases
Advanced Decomposition
```
30
Astringent fluids are _______ solutions
Hypotonic
31
These are used to draw out the excess moisture when edema/anasarca are a concern
Edematous Fluids
32
Edematous fluids are _______ solutions
Hypertonic
33
Fluids that destroy some bacteria but not spores
Germicide Enhancers
34
Most often, these are used in conjunction with preservatives
Germicide Enhancers
35
These render the food medium undesirable
Germicide Enhancers
36
Add/retain moisture
Humectants
37
Humectants are ________ solutions
Hypotonic
38
Treat the minerals in the water (especially well-water) and also serve a double purpose as an anti-coagulant
Water Conditioners
39
These are used to impart a stain within the tissues to create a more life-like appearance (Memory Picture)
Active Dyes
40
Hypotonic solutions in embalming do what?
Put fluids into tissues
41
Hypertonic solutions in embalming do what?
Pulls fluid out
42
Chemically, is there a difference between pre-injection and co-injection?
No, the only difference is when you use them
43
The function of this is to be united with the tissue cells to create a state of preservation
Arterial Fluid
44
Preservation is accomplished by this
Tissue Coagulation
45
The solidification of the tissue cell protoplasm
Tissue Coagulation
46
This will cause the tissue cells to be converted into a gel or resinous substance which is unfit for bacterial food
Tissue Coagulation
47
The tissue cells will be soft but solid and resistant to decomposition
Conversion of insoluble albumin to insoluble albuminoids
48
The purpose of arterial fluids is to
Disinfect, preserve, and firm the tissues of the dead without causing objectionable changes in the skin or tissues
49
Classification of arterial fluid is by
Index and Color
50
The amount of formaldehyde measured in grams dissolved in 100 milliliters of water
Index
51
High Index Arterial Fluid is an index range of what?
28-36+
52
What do you use a High Index arterial fluid for?
```
Advanced Decomposition
Delayed Burial
Firm tissue for restorative work
Excessive Moisture (Edema/Anasarca)
Excessive Adipose Tissue
Trauma cases where treatment requires drying of tissues for reconstruction
```
53
High index arterial fluid often causes ___________
Dehydration or tissue burning
54
High index arterial fluid will cause tissue to darken, which is
HCHO grey
55
Moderate Index fluid ranges from
20-25
56
When would you use Moderate Index fluids?
Average cases
| Normal moisture content
57
Moderate index fluids usually contain
Active Dyes
58
Moderate Index fluids may contain a lanolin base
Humectant
59
Most of the so-called cosmetic arterial fluids are in this group
Moderate Index Fluid
60
Slow firmer, flexible, moderate, or rubbery firmness
Moderate Index Fluid
61
Moderate Index fluids cause little _____________
Dehydration
62
Mild Index (Weak) fluids have a range of
10-15 index
63
Non-hardening, non-firming, or slightly firming fluids are
Mild Index Fluids
64
Mild Index fluids contain a __________- amount of HCHO
Minimum
65
Mild Index arterial fluids produces a minimum rigidity, and it is used on whom?
Frail
Elderly
Infants
Emaciated Cases
66
Jaundice fluids have a _______ index
Low
67
Jaundice cases are usually edematous, and _______ is not present, so the blood is thin, which means they generally drain well
Fibrogen
68
Bilirubin turns to biliverdin in jaundice cases because of what?
High HCHO index and an acidic environment
69
There are 2 classifications of arterial fluid by color. What are they
Cosmetic Fluids
| Non-Cosmetic Fluids
70
These contain active dyes that impart a color change on the body tissues of the deceased
Cosmetic Fluids
71
When using cosmetic fluids, where should you inject?
Femoral Artery
72
Contain inactive dyes that do not impart a color change on the body tissues of the deceased
Non-Cosmetic Fluids
73
In 1859, he published an accurate description of formaldehyde solution, formaldehyde gas, and formaldehyde polymerization, but had no clue what to do with it
Alexander Mikhailovich Butlerov (1828-1866) Russian
74
In 1868, he prepared formaldehyde by passing a mixture of methanol vapors and air over a heated platinum spiral
August Wilhelm Von Hoffman
75
His preparation clearly established both the structure and identity of formaldehyde as the first member of the aldehyde group, but he had no idea what to do with it
August Wilhelm Von Hoffman (1818-1892) German
76
These two people are credited with the discovery of formaldehyde, but neither associated its potential use with preservation
Butlerov and Von Hoffman
77
In 1888 he determined that HCHO could be used as a preservative
J. Auguste Trillat
78
He observed the disinfectant properties of HCHO gases produced by burning sugar
J. Auguste Trillat
79
Between 1895-1920, most states outlawed the use of what?
Metallic Poisons in embalming
80
Metallic Poisons are also called what?
Salts of Heavy Metals
81
Salts of heavy metals include what?
```
Alum
Zinc Sulfate
Bichloride of mercury
Aluminum Chloride
Arsenic
```
82
By World War 1, the use of metallic salts were completely converted to
Formaldehyde
83
Why were metallic salts outlawed?
They can cover up murder
| Embalmers were killing themselves due to not wearing gloves
84
Why were embalmers resistant to formaldehyde?
Formaldehyde made the bodies hard, but embalmers were used to the soft pliability of metal poisons
85
HCHO or CH2O belong to a class of organic compounds called
Aldehydes
86
Describe formalin
40% formaldehyde by volume
37% formaldehyde by weight
7% methyl Alcohol
87
The four major types of preservative chemicals on bodily tissues are
Aldehydes
Alcohols
Phenols
Formaldehyde Donor Compounds
88
Preservative chemicals inactivate chemical groups of
Amino acids
89
Preservatives inhibit further ________
Decomposition
90
Preservatives inactivate enzymes, thus preventing further autolysis
Acid Hydrolase
91
Preservatives either kill ____________ or deter their growth
Microogranisms
92
Preservatives destroy ________ and eliminates their further production
Odors
93
Preservation by formaldehyde is accomplished by formaldehyde reacting directly with what?
Water, methanol, amino acids, and proteins
94
Formaldehyde reacts indirectly with what?
Fat
95
When HCHO gas is mixed with water, most of it is converted into
Methylene Glycol
96
Methanol acts as an ______________ in embalming fluids
Anti-Polymerizing agent
97
This acts as an anti-polymerizing angent in embalming fluids
Methanol
98
Methanol bonds these molecules (3) together, making them less susceptible to decomposition
Carbohydrates, sugar, and proteins
99
Amino Acids are much _____ units than proteins
Smaller
100
HCHO can react with free amines and can combine ___ different amino groups in a single compound deterring decomposition
2
101
If ammonia forms, fluid will have _______
No effect
102
Household ammonia will ______ formalin formaldehyde
Neutralize
103
What does sunlight do to cavity fluid?
Breaks down ammonia
104
The primary chemical actions of HCHO in embalming is what?
The coagulation of protein
105
The resulting changes in protein brought about by HCHO and other coagulating agents are
Viscosity of protein is increased
Embalmed tissue is now rigid as a result of the cross-linking action bonding molecules together
The resistance to digestion of protein by enzymes is increased
The water sensitivity and water solubility are decreased
106
The indirect action of HCHO on fats actually involves the preservation of a ______
Matrix
107
The preservation action of HCHO works by cross-linking what?
Nitrogen atoms
108
Fat lack nitrogen atoms, but fatty tissue is embedded in nitrogen rich and protein rich ___________
Connective tissue
109
Formaldehyde turns soluble albumins into
Insoluble Albuminoids
110
Coagulation of protein is brough about through denaturation of the protein by cross-linking the peptide bonds of adjacent ______________
Polypeptide Chains
111
Unembalmed tissue is what?
Pliable and flexible
112
Embalmed tissue is rigid as a result of this
Cross-Linking of protein
113
HCHO cross links far more than Gluteraldehyde. Why?
Gluteraldehyde is larger than formaldehyde, which means it cannot penetrate as well as Formaldehyde, leading to less cross linkage of proteins
114
This is a cold chemical sterilant
QUATS
115
Gluteraldehyde is a cold chemical sterilant, but when given the option of this, this is the best answer
QUATS
116
Cross-linkage of protein removes a molecule of _____ for every cross-link that is formed
Water
117
The presence of an abundance of water may reverse this process by doing what?
Hydrolyzing the cross-linkages
118
The embalming results may be reversed by the presence of an excess amount of this
Water
119
If there is an excess amount of water present in the body, how can you counter act it?
High index and edematous fluids
120
The total amount of HCHO with which protein will combine to be completely preserved
Formaldehyde Demand
121
After hydrolysis breaks the individual peptide bonds, each amino group will react with a HCHO molecule, effectively doing what?
Doubling the HCHO demand
122
As the remains decompose, it becomes necessary to increase both what?
Volume and strength of the arterial fluid solution
123
It is imperative to embalm as soon as possible. The longer a person is dead, the more what?
HCHO is demanded to firm/preserve
124
If the embalming solution is too concentrated, what will happen to the capillaries in the tissues?
They will be seared and sealed by the HCHO
125
If the embalming solution is too concentrated, the capillaries in the tissues will be seared and sealed by the HCHO, thus effectively inhibiting diffusion of the fluid into the tissues by doing what?
Walling off the unexposed areas
126
The key to preservation of tissue by HCHO is the ___________________ of the fluid
Distribution and Diffusion
127
Refers to the movement of fluid from the point of injection to the tissues
Distribution
128
Describes the movement of fluid into the tissues
Diffusion
129
Chemicals used as preservatives change the basic nature of what?
Protein molecules
130
The amount of aldehyde that is taken up by the protein molecule depends on these five interrelated factors
```
Concentration
pH
Effect of chemical compounds on aldehyde
Temperature
Condition of the tissues
```
131
What qualities could a germicide used in embalming display?
Solubility
Penetrability
Compatability
Stability
132
Fluids older than ________ should not be used
5 years
133
How can you tell a fluid is bad?
The methanol breaks down and polymerizes into crystals
134
The self-destruction or self digestion of the body tissues by substances produced in those tissues
Autolysis
135
The decomposition of all tissues by enzymes of their own formation without microbial assistance
Autolysis
136
The double decomposition of a compound through the use of water
Hydrolysis
137
The chemical reaction initiates the putrefactive process
Hydrolysis
138
Simply, the splitting of water molecules
Hydrolysis
139
The decomposition of proteins by the action of enzymes of anaerobic bacteria occurring after cellular death
Putrefaction
140
What is the pH of the body to encourage putrefaction
8
141
Putrefaction involves 3 major chemical reactions. What are they?
Hydrolysis
Deamination
Decarboxylation
142
The decomposition of proteins caused by the action of enzymes of aerobic bacteria
Decay
143
This reaction is the removal of the amino group from an amino acid
Deamination
144
Each amino acid undergoes a specific reaction, but in general, these are the end products of deamination
Ammonia and an organic acid
145
If extensive putrefaction has occurred prior to embalming, there will be a higher than normal HCHO demand. Why?
The production of ammonia
146
An abundance of ammonia will do what to HCHO?
Neutralize it
147
By this reaction, the carboxyl group of an amino acid is removed
Decarboxylation
148
The end products of decarboxylation are what?
Carbon Dioxide, water, and amine
149
Amines may be further broken down into
Ammonia and hydrocarbons
150
Deamination and decarboxylation occur simultaneously, resulting in the final end products of decomposition:
```
Hydrocarbons
Ammonia
Hydrogen sulfide
Amines
Organic Acids
Carbon Dioxide
```
151
Tissue gas is also called
Postmortem Emphysema Tissue Gas
152
The primary organism causing tissue gas is
Clostridium Perfringens
153
In its antemortem stage, clostridium perfringen causes
Gas Gangrene
154
Clostridium perfringii may enter the body how?
From open wounds or by penetrating tissue from the intestinal canal
155
The greater the postmortem interval, the _________ the chance of tissue gas
Greater
156
In advance stages, it is impossible to treat or contain this
Tissue gas
157
The rapid freezing of the body with 10 or more one pound blocks of dry ice placed with the body in a heavy rubber zipper bag will halt this
Decomposition, Odor, and Leakage
158
This is one of the few times that a waterless embalming might be considered
Tissue Gas
159
What are the components of categories of chemicals that make up arterial fluid
```
Preservatives
Germicides
Anti-Coagulants (Water conditioners)
Vehicles
Surfactants
Dyes
Deodorants
Modifying Agents
```
160
What are some examples of modifying agents?
Humectants
Buffers
Water Conditioners
Active Dye
161
Chemicals which inactivate saprophytic bacteria, render unsuitable for nutrition the media upon which such bacteria thrive, and which will arrest decomposition by altering enzymes and lysins of the body, as well as converting the decomposable tissues into a form much less susceptible to decomposition
Preservatives
162
A saturated aqueous solution of HCHO which contains 40% by volume and 37% by weight of HCHO and 7% methyl alcohol
Formalin
163
Commercial formalin is stabilized to prevent polymerization by the addition of
Methyl Alcohol
Methanol
Wood Alcohol
164
Dehydration and irrigation of the skin following contact with formalin
Embalmer's Eczema
165
Prolonged and frequent exposure to HCHO may result in
Severe Dermatitis
166
Lower mono-aldehydes
Formaldehyde
| Dialdehyde
167
Lower Dialdehydes
Gluteraldehyde
| Adialdehyde
168
What are the most commonly used aldehydes in embalming fluid complications?
Formaldehyde
Dialdehyde
Gluteraldehyde
Adialdehyde
169
MethanAL means the same as
Formaldehyde
170
When a word ends in AL, it is an
Aldehyde
171
When a word ends in OL, it is an
Alcohol
172
Formaldehyde, a small aldehyde, will produce much more firmness or hardness in tissue than gluteraldehyde. Why?
Because smaller aldehydes produce many more cross links than the larger aldehydes. The more links, the less flexibility of the protein, and therefore the greater the firmness or hardness of the tissue
173
Operates best at a pH of 7.2
Gluteraldehyde
174
2% activated gluteraldehyde in solution is both a good
Preservative and Germicide
175
Many embalmers prefer gluteraldehyde over formaldehyde based arterial fluid because it is
Less dehydrating
Cross links with insolubilized protein and polyhydroxyl compounds
Many more times effective than HCHO
Reacts with proteins over a wide variety of pH ranges
Is liquid at room temperature instead of gas, like HCHO
176
Why is it important that Gluteraldehyde reacts with proteins over a wide variety of pH ranges
Because at death, the pH varies throughout the deceased
177
Carbolic Acid is aka
Phenol
178
This is obtained by the distillation of coal tar
Phenol Compounds
179
The pure compound is colorless, interlaced, needle-shaped crystals, sometimes acquiring a pinkish tint
Phenol Compounds
180
Phenol has an aromatic odor, and is soluble in what?
Water, alcohol, and glycerine
181
This is a strongly poisonous and reliable disinfectant
Phenol
182
Phenol is a good preventative against what?
Putrefaction and fermentation
183
Phenol, when used by themselves, serve as what?
Surface bleaching agents on skin surfaces and cauterants
184
When phenol is used in combination with aldehydes, the result is disastrous. Why?
The tissue takes on a putty gray color, especially when they come in contact with extravasated blood
185
Phenol is found in what?
Cavity fluid and preservative jelly
186
Inorganic salts that have molecules small enough to pass through semi-permeable membranes and pass through capillary walls and into the tissue cells to produce disinfection and preservation
Crystalloids
187
It is by altering the type and concentration of salts used in arterial fluid formulas that specific gravity, hardening power, and a number of other important properties of an arterial fluid can be controlled
Crystalloids
188
What does salt do to pH
Has no effect
189
What are the commonly used inorganic salts used in arterial fluid?
```
Sodium Chloride
Potassium Nitrate
Sodium Carbonate
Sodium Sulfate
Sodium Nitrate
Potassium Acetate
Magnesium Sulfate
Sodium Bicarbonate
```
190
Salts are used to do what?
Stabilize the pH
191
What should the pH of the arterial fluid be?
7.3
192
Arterial fluid should mimic the pH of
Blood
193
These lower alcohols are often used in combination with aldehydes as preservatives
Methanol, ethanol, and isopropyl alcohol
194
These alcohols have the ability to cross-link proteins, but to a lesser extent than aldehydes
Methanol, ethanol, and isopropyl alcohol (lower alcohols)
195
Methanol is used more often than ethanol because of its dual ability to
Act as a methylene group donor for the cross linking and
| Function as an antipolymerizing agent preventing formaldehyde to precipitate and forming paraformaldehyde
196
This has the best germicidal qualities of the three lower alcohols
Isopropyl alcohol
197
Methanol is the most popular of the lower alcohols because it
Penetrates the body tissues
Has a toxic effect on bacteria
Is successful in destroying other organisms present at death
198
Referred to as condensation products of formaldehyde
Formaldehyde Donor Compounds
199
Compounds that react in the presence of a proper catalyst and give off HCHO at a slow rate
Formaldehyde Donor compounds
200
This is usually used as the catalyst for formaldehyde donor compounds
Potassium Carbonate
201
The advantage of HCHO donor compounds is the ability to produce what?
A fumeless arterial chemical which will not be irritating to the operator
202
The disadvantage of HCHO donor compounds is that they have a
Slow reaction rate with the tissue
203
The greatest danger in using fumeless embalming chemicals is that the embalmer is not sure that
All parts of the body have received fluid
204
This is the most commonly used chemical for preservative fluids
Formalin
205
Chemicals which kill or render incapable of reproduction the disease causing microorganisms, but NOT saprophytic bacteria
Germicides
206
Excellent surface active agents and are widely used for the disinfection of surface areas, oral and nasal cavities, and are sold as aerosol sprays to the embalmer
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
207
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds are what?
Cold Chemical sterilants
208
As a liquid, QUATS can be found where?
In cavity fluid, instrument cleaner, and disinfectants
209
Quats are cationic detergents, which are effectively neutralized by
Anionic Substances
210
Arterial fluids contain a number of anionic substances, which restricts the use of QUATS to
Cavity fluid and surface disinfectants
211
The most common QUATs used in embalming chemistry are
Zephiran
Chloride
Roccal
212
The most popular germicide used in arterial fluid
Gluteraldehyde
213
Gluteraldehyde is also a cold chemical sterilant, but if given the choice, what would be the better option?
QUATS
214
Seldom used today in arterial fluid, but remains popular today in cavity fluid and preservative jelly
Phenol
215
Phenol can be found in cavity fluid that contains formaldehyde, but it cannot be this
a 50/50 mix
216
The important requirement of an aldehyde is that it possesses this
Denaturing and cross-linking properties
217
Aldehydes possess denaturing and cross-linking properties, which enable it to produce this
Firmness of tissues
218
Lower or light aldehydes used in embalming preparations
Acetaldehyde (Ethanal)
Propionaldehyde (Proponal)
Pyruvic Aldehyde (Methyl Glyoxal)
219
Higher or heavier aldehydes used in embalming preparations
Furural
| Benzaldehyde
220
Chemicals which retard the tendency of blood to become more viscous by natural postmortem processes or prevent adverse reactions between blood and other embalming chemicals
Anticoagulants
221
May the the principal ingredients of a non-preservative, pre-injection fluid or a co-injection fluid
Anticoagulants
222
The presence of this is the key factor for blood clotting to occur
Ionized Calcium
223
As the blood settles to the dependent parts of the body during this, it has a tendency to clot and become thicker
Hypostasis
224
The purpose of anticoagulants is to
Help dislodge and break up clots
225
There are 2 types of anticoagulants used in embalming chemistry. What are they
Precipitant
| Sequestering Agents
226
These ingredients precipitate soluble calcium into insoluble form
Precipitants
227
These tie up or bond calcium ions
Precipitants
228
The most common precipitant which is also used in water conditioners is
Sodium Citrate
229
Certain chemicals such as TDA and EDTA have the property of sequestering the blood calcium, thus isolating or fencing it off from the reaction and inhibiting further coagulation of the blood
Sequestering Agent
230
The process of converting soluble protein to insoluble protein by heating or contact with a chemical such as an alcohol or an aldehyde
Coagulation
231
The solidification of a solution into a gelatinous mass
Coagulation
232
Agglutination is a specific form of
Coagulation
233
The clumping together of the blood cells to form a clot
Clotting
234
The components in most arterial fluid will dilute and separate the blood cells and thus retard this
Clotting
235
Sequestering agents are quite
Alkaline
236
Sequestering agents are not compatible with these
other arterial fluids over a long shelf life
237
Examples of anti-coagulants include
```
Citrates
Phosphates
Oxalates
EDTA
Borates
```
238
Liquids which will serve as a solvent for the many ingredients incorporated into an embalming fluid
Vehicles
239
Since embalming is accomplished by injection of the blood vascular system, the chemical components must be suspended in what?
A liquid medium
240
The most commonly used vehicles are
Water
Methanol
Ethanol
glycerin
241
What must the vehicle NOT do in embalming chemistry
React with the active components of the embalming fluid
| React with the tissue of the circulatory system
242
This is the best vehicle because it will dissolve more formaldehyde than water will
Alcohol
243
A colorless, poisonous liquid which is a good solvent, especially for HCHO
Has some antiseptic and preservative qualities
Methanol
244
A clear and colorless liquid which can be used as a dehydrating agent as well as a vehicle coagulating and preserving tissues
Ethanol
245
Does an excellent job of helping to keep the active ingredients in a stable and uniform state, while they are being transported through the vascular system and into tissues
Water
246
This composes almost half of the HCHO solution
Water
247
A common solvent in which the rest of the ingredients can be dissolved easily and readily
Vehicle
Diluent
Carrier
Vectors
248
Surfactants are also known as
Wetting agents
Surface Tension Reducers
Penetrating agents
Surface Active Agents
249
Chemicals which reduce the molecular cohesion of a liquid and thereby enable it to flow through smaller apertures
Surfactants
250
Increase the germicidal activity of chemical solutions by increasing the speed of penetration into the bacterial cell
Surfactants
251
Surfactants do what to a solution
Lower the surface tension
252
How do surfactants increase the germicidal activity of chemical solutions?
By increasing the speed of penetration into the bacterial cell
253
How do surfactants increase the speed of penetration into the bacterial cell?
By lowering the surface tension of the solution
254
Surfactants increase the ability of the arterial fluid solution to filter through the semi-permeable capillary walls in an even and uniform manner, thus making it possible to incorporate these in the solution and obtain an even internal cosmetic staining effect
Active Dyes
255
When adding active dyes to a solution, what do you want to do to the solution to insure an even distribution of color in the body?
Stir the tank
256
At the surface of a liquid, how are water molecules pulled?
Inward
257
Surfactants cause the almost immediate clearing of blood from the capillaries. How?
By reducing surface tension causing the blood to move and flow into the venous system
258
The force required to accelerate a one gram mass one centimeter per second
Dyne
259
Most surfactants used in arterial fluid have a rating around _______
37 dynes per centimeter
260
The lower the surface tension dyne centimeter, the _____ the rate of penetration
faster
261
The most commonly used surfactants are
Sulfonates and Sodium Lauryl Sulfate
262
Commercially produced from lauryl alcohol which is obtained by the catalytic reduction of coconut oil, then added to sulfuric acid and an alkali
Sodium Lauryl Sulfate
263
If you over agitate the arterial fluid in the embalming machine, what will happen to the surfactant?
It will separate and rise to the top of the machine
264
Surfactants are used to promote diffusion of the preservative elements to ultimate through _______
Saturation
265
Surfactants are also used to help produce uniform distribution of the coloring agent for
Internal cosmetic effect purposes
266
Substances which will, upon being dissolved, impart a definite color to the solvent
Dyes
267
Dyes are classified how?
By their capacity to permanently impart color to the tissues of the body into which they are injected
268
What are the two classifications of dyes?
Active (staining)
| Inactive (Non-Staining)
269
The most commonly used dyes are
A blend of synthetic dyes
270
What is the best artery to inject through when using an active dye?
Femoral
271
Active dyes used as cosmetic dyes that have the added advantage of giving a visible surface indication of fluid distribution
Tracer Dye
272
Most commonly used tracer dye?
Eosin
273
These accomplish no purpose other than to add color and eye appeal to the fluid
Inactive Dyes
274
They do not produce a staining effect on the tisues
Inactive Dyes
275
Inactive Dyes are found where?
In cavity fluid, pre/co-injection fluid, and preservative jelly
276
So called "cosmetic stains" which actually dyes the tissue cells and aids in the restoration of a normal life-like color
Active Dyes
277
Active dyes are separated into two varieties. They are
Natural
| Synthetic
278
The natural dyes are
Cudbear
Carmine
Cochineal
279
A purplish red powder prepared from lichens by maceration in dilue ammonia and caustic soda
Cudbear
280
Grows on rocks - rock algae
Cudbear
281
An aluminum and calcium salt of carminic acid
Carmine
282
A red coloring matter consisting of the dried bodies of the female insect codlus cacti
Cochineal
283
Is a popular active dye but is too expensive
Cochineal
284
Same as ancient matter dye
Carminic dye
285
These are dyes of alkali metal salts that have been reacted with coal tar compounds
Synthetic Dyes
286
These are mainly coal tar derivatives
Synthetic dyes
287
Why are synthetic dyes used more than natural dyes?
They are more economical to use
Compatible with other ingredients in arterial fluid
They impart a permanent stain
They have some germicidal value
288
What are the synthetic dyes used in embalming chemistry?
```
Amaranth
Eosin
Ponceau
Erythrosine
Croceine scarlet
Rhodamine
Rose Bengal
Acid Fushsin
Toluidine Red
```
289
Formerly known as red dye #2
Amaranth
290
This is a member of the AZO family and is a suspected human carcinogen
Amaranth
291
It is a coal tar dye that forms a dark red brown color in water, but is only slightly soluble in alcohol
Amaranth
292
Tetrabromofluorescin
Eosin
293
Is derived from bromine and is yellow-orange in color
Eosin
294
Highly Concentrated
| Hust a few drops in the solution will give good results because it is highly diffusive
Eosin
295
Also sold as a red crystalline powder
Eosin
296
Popular and most common active dye
Eosin
297
Red non-florescent dye obtained from napthlene, soluble in water and acid solutions to form a cherry red solution
Ponceau
298
Classified as a napthol disulfonate compound
Ponceau
299
A popular inactive dye
Ponceau
300
It is known chemically as the sodium slat of iodeosin
Erythrosine
301
A brown powder that forms a cherry red solution in water
Erythrosine
302
A popular inactive dye commonly used in pre-injection
Erythrosine
303
Formerly referred to as reodrants
Perfuming Agents
Masking Agents
Deodorants
304
Chemicals having the capability of displacing an unpleasant odor, of altering an unpleasant odor so that it is converted to a more pleasant one
Perfuming Materials
Masking Agents
Deodorant
305
The primary function of perfuming agents is to
Enhance the odor of embalming fluid and hide the odor of decomposition
306
What are the characteristics of a deodorant
Water soluble
Derived from essential oils
Attempt to mitigate the harsh odor of HCHO
307
There is an abundance of deodorants in these fluids
Fumeless embalming fluids
308
Chemicals for which there may be varying demands predicated upon the type of embalming, the environment, and the embalming fluid to be used
Modifying Agents
309
There are how many types of modifying agents?
3
310
What are the 3 types of modifying agents?
Humectants
Buffers
Water Conditioners
311
Chemicals creating an increased capability for embalmed tissues to retain their moisture
Humectants
312
Such would be added to dilute solutions when the body would predispose to dehydration
Humectants
313
When should humectants be added to the tank?
During the last gallon
314
Humectants are ______ solution
Hypotonic
315
Chemicals which effect a stabilization of the acid-base balance within embalming solutions and in embalmed tissues
Buffers
316
Chemicals added to the water used for diluting arterial embalming fluids when it is known that the water contains such minerals as would cause it to be classified as hard water
Water Conditioners
317
Water conditioners are also
anticoagulants
318
What are the Humectants
```
Glycerine
Sorbitol
Ethylene Glycol
Hexylene Glycol
Lanolin
Oleates
Mineral Oils
```
319
Object is to maintain the pH of tissues at 7.3 after injection
Buffers
320
What are the buffers?
```
Borax/Boric Acid
Sodium Phosphate
Citrates
EDTA
Sodium Bicarbonate
Mono disodium phosphate
Carbonates
```
321
These are chemical pairs which consist of a weak acid and the basic salt of that acid
Buffer Pairs
322
Neutralize any excess of either acid of alkali existing at any time in the tissues
Buffer Pairs
323
What is the purpose and function of modifying agents in embalming chemistry
Keep blood in liquid state
Create better conditions for arterial fluid to function
Aid in the even diffusion of dyes
Increase the firming or tissue fixative potential or arterial fluid
324
Are agents used to control the acid/base balance of Arterial fluid solution and tissue
Buffers
325
Are agents used to help control moisture
Humectants
326
Are agents that help control the osmotic qualities of arterial fluid solution
Inorganic salts
327
Fluids used to prevent coagulation, prevent blood clots from increasing, lubricate the vascular system and attempt to break-up or disperse clots
Anticoagulants
328
Are also anti-coagulants. In addition, they also treat the minerals in the water
Water Conditioners
