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Immunology > Exam #3 > Flashcards

Exam #3 Flashcards

1
Q

Thymus dependent lymphocyte

A

T lymphocyte

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2
Q

T or F? The thymus is a primary lymphoid tissue.

A

True

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3
Q

T-cell precursors commit to the T-cell lineage following which signaling pathway?

A

Notch signaling pathway

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4
Q

What is initiated for the T cells through the Notch pathway?

A

T cell receptor gene arrangement

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5
Q

What happens when immature T cells recognize self MHC?

A

They receive signals for survival

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6
Q

Where do mature T cells migrate to pick up foreign antigens?

A

Peripheral lymphoid organs

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7
Q

Where to activated T cells migrate to?

A

The site of infection

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8
Q

What is a double negative T cell?

A

One that is premature and expresses neither CD8 or CD4

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9
Q

Put the following in order of developmental timing during T cell development.

  • Cells are single-positive thermocytes
  • Cells are released from the thymus
  • Cells are double-positive thermocytes
  • Cells are double negative thermocytes
  • Cells are uncommitted progenitors
A
  • Cells are uncommitted progenitors
  • Cells are double negative thermocytes
  • Cells are double-positive thermocytes
  • Cells are single-positive thermocytes
  • Cells are released from the thymus
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10
Q

Where do thymocytes reside in the cortex of the thymus?

A

Embedded in the thymus stroma (cortical epithelial cells) (Some T cells are embryonic origin)

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11
Q

What type of cells live in the medulla of the thymus?

A

Medullary epithelial cells and dendritic cells (some embryonic origin) and bone marrow derived macrophages

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12
Q

What site of the thymus do thermocytes enter?

A

The cortex, through the portico-medullary junction

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13
Q

If a B cell immunoglobulin is reactive with a multivalent self-antigen, what is attempted PRIOR to apoptosis?

A

The light chain is rearranged

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14
Q

What generally happens if a B cell is reactive with a monovalent or soluble self-antigen?

A

The B cell becomes anergic

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15
Q

What is the primary function of follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) during B cell development?

A

Promote survival and maturation of developing B cells

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16
Q

What is a developing B cell called after isotope class switching and somatic hypermutation, when it proliferates at a much slower rate?

A

Centrocyte

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17
Q

Which of the following is true about alpha rearrangement during T cell development?

A

Successful alpha arrangement deletes the sigma segment

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18
Q

Which of the following is involved in POSITIVE selection of thermocytes, after functional alpha:beta receptors are formed?

A

They are selected for binding with self-MHC molecules

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19
Q

What is the purpose of Autoimmune Regulator (AIRE) in the thymus?

A

Cause tissue-specific genes to be expressed in the thymus

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20
Q

What is a unique feature of Treg cells compared to other types of helper T cells?

A

They express the repressor protein FoxP3 and CD25 on the surface

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21
Q

Which cells present antigens to T cells in the cortex of lymph nodes?

A

Dendritic cells (normal type)

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22
Q

Which of the following are adhesion molecules that typically interact before diapedesis occurs, and also during formation of cognate pairs?

A

LFA-1 and ICAM (intercellular adhesion molecule 1)

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23
Q

What is the function of S1P in lymph nodes?

A

Draw non-active T or B cells to the medullary sinus

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24
Q

What is the function of IL-2 during T cell development/activation?

A

Stimulates proliferation of CD4 and/or CD8 cells

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25
Q 
Which type of helper T cell specializes in activating macrophages?
TH1
TH2
TH17
THFH
THreg
A

TH1

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26
Q

What is “cross linking” of surface IgM?

A

Binding to multimeric antigen brings IgM receptors close together

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27
Q

What does the B cell co-receptor specifically bind to on the pathogen surface?

A

iC3B qnd C3d complement proteins

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28
Q

Where do B cells usually encounter their antigen first?

A

Subcapsular macrophages or FDCs

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29
Q

In B cells and T cells in a lymph node, expression of CD69 surpasses the S1P receptor. What does this accomplish?

A

It causes the B or T cell to be retained within the lymph node

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30
Q

Where is the “primary focus” where the first plasma cells form?

A

Medullary cords of the lymph node

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31
Q

Following somatic hypermutation, how is affinity selection accomplished in centrocytes?

A

The compete to bind antigens on FDCs

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32
Q

What determines the immunoglobulin isotope that will be selected for production in a particular B cell?

A

Cytokines secreted by TFH cells

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33
Q

Later in infection, the shift from IL-10 to IL-4 secretion by TFH cells accomplishes what?

A

Stimulates the production of memory B cells

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34
Q

For many types of viral infections, what type of help is required for CD8 T cells to become activated?

A

IL-2 production by CD4 T cells

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35
Q

Which of the following present antigens to T cells in MHC Class II molecules?

A

B cells

36
Q

Which of the following circulates in pentameric form?

A

IgM

37
Q

Which of the following is selectively transported into tissue by binding to the FcRn receptor?

A

IgG

38
Q

Which of the following forms dimers in mucosal tissue and it transported to mucosal surfaces by the Poly-Ig receptor?

A

IgA

39
Q

Which of the following crosses the placenta during pregnancy?

A

IgG

40
Q

Which of the following is transferred to an infant via breastfeeding?

A

IgA

41
Q

Complement fixation is the primary function of which of the following?

A

IgM

42
Q

In order for IgG to fix complement to the surface of a pathogen, which of the following is required?

A

Cross linking of two or more IgG molecules

43
Q

Which of the following receptors has inhibitory functions?

A

FcyRIIB1

44
Q

Which molecules are involved in attracting T and B cells to secondary lymphoid tissues?

A

CCL19, CCL21, and CCR7

45
Q

Which of the following is a critical co-stimulatory survival signal for T cells that is only expresses by dendritic cells during an infection?

A

B7

46
Q

Which of the following is the ONLY FC receptor that natural killer (NK) cells have on their surface?

A

FcyRIII

47
Q

What happens in D-George syndrome?

A

The thymus does not develop

48
Q

What is the process of thymus degradation over a lifespan called?

A

Involution

49
Q

Which of the following is also critical for driving progenitors to T cell fate?

A

IL-7

50
Q

If y:o rearrangement is successful…

A

T cell leaves thymus immediately

51
Q

If Beta chain rearrangement is successful…

A

Tested for functionality in the ER

52
Q

How many attempts are there for Beta arrangement?

A

4 (2 Cbeta genes and associated D and J segments on each chromosome)

53
Q

Through what complex does the beta rearrangement occur?

A

RAG1 (recombination activating gene product)

54
Q

How many attempts are there for Alpha rearrangement?

A

MANY (multiple V segments and ~ 60 J segments)

55
Q

If alpha chain rearrangement s successful…

A

Tested for binding with Beta in the ER

56
Q

What percentage of thrombocytes go on to produce mature T cells?

A

2%

57
Q

Which type of thermocytes do not interact with MHC molecules and do not undergo additional selection ?

A

y:o thermocytes

58
Q

Which type of helper T cell is mostly important in protection against autoimmunity?

A

T reg cells

59
Q

Immature dendritic cells…

A

Take up antigens in peripheral tissues

60
Q

Mature dendritic cells…

A

Present antigens in 2ndary lymphoid tissues and more elaborate dendrites for T cell interaction

61
Q

What kind of cells in the medulla of the thymus prevent pathogens for entering lymph?

A

Macrophages

62
Q

Which two routes can a T cell take in entering a draining lymph node?

A

The bloodstream or afferent lymph coming from an upstream node

63
Q

The process through which a lymphocyte leaves the blood and enters the lymph node

A

Diapedesis

64
Q

L-selectin, Gly-CAM-1, CD34, HEV cells, LFA-1 and ICAMs are all involved in which process?

A

Homing of T cells to secondary lymphoid tissue

65
Q

Dendritic/T-cell binding it due to

A

LFA-1 and ICAM

66
Q

What is it called when a change is induced causing stronger binding between LFA-1 and ICAM-1?

A

cognate pair

67
Q

What does chemoattractant S1P do?

A

Draws T cells toward efferent lymph

68
Q

What two surface molecules must bind in the CD4 SURVIVAL step?

A

CD28 and B7

69
Q

What two surface molecules must bind in the CD4 ACTIVATION step?

A

TCR and MHC

70
Q

What must occur between the APC (antigen presenting cell) in the CD4 DIFFERENTIATION step?

A

Cytokine signaling

71
Q

Drug induced inhibition of what can be used to prevent organ transplant rejection?

A

IL-2

72
Q

TH1 helper T cells are critical in defense against…

A

Intracellular pathogens

73
Q

TH17 helper T cells are critical in defense against…

A

Extracellular pathogens

74
Q

Helper T cell which defends against intracellular pathogens, activates macrophages, and induces inflammation; is induced by IL-12 and INF-y

A

TH1

75
Q

Helper T cell which defends against helminth parasites, stimulates IgE basophils, mast cells and eosinophils; is indued by IL-4

A

TH2

76
Q

Helper T cell which defends against extracellular bacterial infections, secretes IL-17, stimulates CXCL8 secretion to recruit neutrophils; is induced by IL-6 and IL-21

A

TH17

77
Q

Helper T cell which aids in different types of infections and secretes various cytokines; stimulates antibody class switching in B cells to the appropriate type for the infection

A

TFH

78
Q

Helper T cell which negatively regulates the functions of other T cells, natural regulatory cells - activated early in thymus development; express FoxP3 (inhibits inflammation and the immune response)

A

Treg

79
Q

TH1 dominance causes…

A

cell mediated immunity

80
Q

TH2 dominance causes…

A

humoral immunity

81
Q

TH1 dominance is not fatal whole TH2 dominance is eventually fatal. T or F?

A

True

82
Q

VLA-4 binding to VCAM-1 and LFA-1 binding to ICAM-1 occurs in which process?

A

Homing to CD8 T cells to the infection site

83
Q

CD8 T cells can be activates by most cells in the body. T or F?

A

True

84
Q

Cytotoxins are specific to which T cell type?

A

CD8 T cells

85
Q

Though which pathway do cytokines function?

A

JAK-STAT signaling pathway and inactivated by suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS)

86
Q

Macrophages are activated by ____ and deactivated by ____.

A

TH1 cell; TH2 cells

87
Q

Which T cell type expresses high levels of CD25 and is regulated by FoxP3

A

T reg

Immunology (5 decks)

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