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Flashcards in Exam 3 Deck (95)
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1
Q

etiological agent of diptheria

A

Corynebacterium diptheriae

2
Q

gram stain morphology of Corynebacterium diptheriae

A

gram positive rod chinese letters

3
Q

where does corynebacterium diptheriae grow and infect

A

grows in the epithelial cells of the throat infection

4
Q

is diptheria an infection or intoxication

A

both intoxication and infection

5
Q

what does corynebacterium diptheriae secrete

A

exotoxin- blocks protein synthesis and kills cells-forms pseudomembrane

6
Q

what does the pseudomembrane do

A

blocks the airway in throat and could suffocate

7
Q

how to treat diptheria

A

antibiotic and antitoxin

8
Q

prevention of diptheria

A

DPT vaccine

9
Q

what is the etiological agent for cholera

A

Vibrio cholera

10
Q

gram stain and morphology of vibrio cholera

A

gram negative curved rod

11
Q

cholera is just a intoxication that was got from what

A

unclean drinking water, oysters, shellfish

12
Q

what kind of toxin does vibrio cholera secrete

A

enterotoxin- type of AB exotoxin

13
Q

treatment for cholera

A

drink plenty of fluids- toxin has to get out of you; let it run its course

14
Q

etiological agent of botulism

A

Clostridium botulinum

15
Q

gram stain and morphology and special characteristics of clostridium botulinum

A

gram positive rod; endospore former; anaerobic; found in soil

16
Q

what does clostridium botulinum secrete

A

neurotoxins-type of AB exotoxin

17
Q

what does botulism toxin do

A

the neurotoxin secreted blocks the release of acetylcholine; flaccid paralysis- diaphragm does not contract and you suffocate

18
Q

prevention for botulism

A

heat food/vegetables in cans; comes from not properly cleaned vegetables in the soil

19
Q

treatment for botulism

A

antibiotic and antitoxin

20
Q

what is the etiological agent for tetanus

A

Clostridium tetani

21
Q

what is the tetani toxin

A

neurotoxin; type of exotoxin- AB

22
Q

what does the tetani toxin do

A

goes into nervous system and to stimulate the continual release of acetylcholine- causes muscles to keep on contracting- spastic paralysis

23
Q

prevention of tetanus

A

DPT vaccine

24
Q

treatment of tetanus

A

antibiotic and antitoxin

25
Q

innate immune cells

A

dendritic cells, mast cells, macrophages/monocytes, neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil

26
Q

which wbc are the phagocytes

A

dendritic cells, neutrophils, macrophages/monocytes

27
Q

which are the antigen presenter cells (APC’s)

A

dendritic cells, and macrophages/monocytes

28
Q

which are the granulocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and mast cells

29
Q

what do natural killer cells do (NK)

A

-kill every cell that does not present MHC1 on their surface or ones that are not showing it properly

30
Q

Adaptive immunity requires what

A

prior infection; first response is slow, and memory to it

31
Q

what cells deal with adaptive immunity

A

lymphocytes

32
Q

types of lymphocytes

A

B and T cells

33
Q

types of T cells

A

Thelper cells and cytotoxic T cells

34
Q

two types of t helper cells

A

Th1 and Th2

35
Q

what are the receptor on cytotoxic T cells and what do they do

A

CD8 that bind to MHC1 and promote cell lysis

36
Q

what are the receptor on T helper cells

A

CD4 that binds to MHC 2

37
Q

when CD4 binds to MHC2, what does it do T helper cell type 1

A

Antigen presenter cells- inflammatory response

38
Q

what major body sites are heavily colonized by microbes

A

skin, mouth GI tract, upper respiratory tract, genital tract

39
Q

are you born with microbes?

A

no- get colonized after birth

40
Q

bacteria in the intestine use air in what kind of way?

A

facultative anaerobe

41
Q

what bacteria is found in the stomach

A

helicobacteria

42
Q

what is the pathogen found in the stomach

A

Helicobacter pylori- causes stomach ulcers because it neutralizes the pH of the stomach- can lead to gastric cancer

43
Q

gram stain of helicobacteria

A

gram negative rods(curved) have flagella like a helicopter

44
Q

which strain of E.coli is pathogen

A

E. coli 0157 H:7

45
Q

what does E. coli 0157 H:7 cause

A

hemolytic uremic syndrome; releases shigatoxin which lyses blood cells in the kidneys- linked with uncooked hamburger meat

46
Q

what normal flora is in intestine

A

E. coli, gram negative coliforms, proteus mirabilis, enterococci, enterobacter, lactobacillus, clostridium

47
Q

normal flora of throat

A

streptococcus and staphylococcus

48
Q

B cells have what kind of immunity?

A

Humoral- make antibody

49
Q

T cells have what kind of immunity?

A
  • cell mediated immunity
50
Q

What does strep pyogenes produce to help it be more virulent

A

Streptokinase
Beta hemolytic
Hyaluranadase

51
Q

what does active immunity mean

A

you make the antibody

52
Q

what does passive immunity mean

A

somebody gave you the antibody; short lived, works fast, no long term immunity

53
Q

natural active immunity

A

get sick then get well ; get in contact with an antigen- body makes antibodies and you get better and have memory cells against pathogen

54
Q

natural passive immunity

A

breast milk secretory antibodies; just the antibody, get it from the mom so you are not making it; use it up and no more immunity

55
Q

artificial active

A

injecting antigen and your body makes the antibodies against it; like a vaccine

56
Q

artificial passive

A

you are given the antibody through injection; antivenom or antitoxin

57
Q

IgG

A

most common, higher titers at second exposure; longest immunity

58
Q

IgA

A

secretory; found in secretions like saliva and breast milk; dimers found colostrum mucosal secretions

59
Q

IgE

A

allergies; bind to mast cells release histamine; binds to eosinophils

60
Q

IgM

A

first antibody produced; primary response; pentamer; short lived; 5 different antibody molecules can bind with 5 different antigens

61
Q

how is IgA linked together

A

by j chains; allows it to get out in secretions

62
Q

Type 2 hyoersensitivity

A

Cytotoxic, drugs(penicillin), IgG, hours

63
Q

Type 3 hypersens

A

Autoimmune, against self circulating antigens, IgG interacts with your own circulating antigens, hours

64
Q

IgM and IgE have how many constant domains

A

4

65
Q

IgG IgA IgD have how many constant regions/domains

A

3

66
Q

Niesseria gonorrhoeae

A

Gram neg diplococci, thayer martin media, chocolate agar, oxidase positive

67
Q

IgM and IgE have how many constant domains

A

4

68
Q

IgG IgA IgD have how many constant regions/domains

A

3

69
Q

Agglutination

A

Clumping; blood typing; binding of insoluble antigen with soluble antibody

70
Q

Emb media is selective for

A

Gram neg rods bc of bile salts

71
Q

Emb differential for fermentation which are non fermenters

A

Salmonella and shigella

72
Q

Do normal flora of colon ferment

A

Yes

73
Q

Does e coli ferment lactose on emb

A

Yes

74
Q

Mtm is selective for

A

Niesseria

75
Q

Direct elisa look for

A

Antigen

76
Q

Indirect for elisa look for

A

Antibody

77
Q

What do beta lactams do to cells

A

Inhibit cell wall synthesis

78
Q

Penicilin does what

A

Blocks transpeptidation

79
Q

Which penicilin is the only one made by the fungus(mold) penicillium

A

Penicillin G

80
Q

Sulfa drug is analog for

A

Paba, doesnt let bacteria cell make folic acid and dies; competitive inhibition

81
Q

Isoniazid is analog

A

Against mycobacterium: interferes with mycolic acid synthesis

82
Q

Daptomycin

A

To treat gram positive bacterial infections

83
Q

Most antiviral drugs are

A

Nuclieoside analogs

84
Q

Tamiflu is ehat

A

Neuraminidase inhibitor

85
Q

Many antifungals are what

A

Topical

86
Q

Acinetobacter

A

Gram negative rod; surgical site, bloodstream, pneumonia, urinary tract

87
Q

Burkholderia cepacia

A

Pneumonia

88
Q

Vancomycin resistant enterococcus

A

Surgical site, bloodstream, urinary tract

89
Q

Staph aureus HAI

A

Bloodstream, pneumonia

90
Q

What agar for staph aureus

A

Chromogenic agar media selective and differential

91
Q

What is inhibited by nucleoside analogs

A

Block reverse transcriptase and production of viral DNA; inhibit elongation or viral nucleic acid chain by the nucleic acid polymerase

92
Q

Protease inhibitors do what

A

Inhibit processing of large viral proteins into indivi compments blocking active site of protease

93
Q

Interferons do what

A

Prevent viral multiplication ny stimulating antiviral proteins in uninected cells

94
Q

Chromogenic agar media doe what

A

Selective and differential for mrsa

95
Q

What antibacterial drug is effective against mrsa because it disrupts lipid biosynthesis

A

Platensimycin