etiological agent of diptheria
Corynebacterium diptheriae
gram stain morphology of Corynebacterium diptheriae
gram positive rod chinese letters
where does corynebacterium diptheriae grow and infect
grows in the epithelial cells of the throat infection
is diptheria an infection or intoxication
both intoxication and infection
what does corynebacterium diptheriae secrete
exotoxin- blocks protein synthesis and kills cells-forms pseudomembrane
what does the pseudomembrane do
blocks the airway in throat and could suffocate
how to treat diptheria
antibiotic and antitoxin
prevention of diptheria
DPT vaccine
what is the etiological agent for cholera
Vibrio cholera
gram stain and morphology of vibrio cholera
gram negative curved rod
cholera is just a intoxication that was got from what
unclean drinking water, oysters, shellfish
what kind of toxin does vibrio cholera secrete
enterotoxin- type of AB exotoxin
treatment for cholera
drink plenty of fluids- toxin has to get out of you; let it run its course
etiological agent of botulism
Clostridium botulinum
gram stain and morphology and special characteristics of clostridium botulinum
gram positive rod; endospore former; anaerobic; found in soil
what does clostridium botulinum secrete
neurotoxins-type of AB exotoxin
what does botulism toxin do
the neurotoxin secreted blocks the release of acetylcholine; flaccid paralysis- diaphragm does not contract and you suffocate
prevention for botulism
heat food/vegetables in cans; comes from not properly cleaned vegetables in the soil
treatment for botulism
antibiotic and antitoxin
what is the etiological agent for tetanus
Clostridium tetani
what is the tetani toxin
neurotoxin; type of exotoxin- AB
what does the tetani toxin do
goes into nervous system and to stimulate the continual release of acetylcholine- causes muscles to keep on contracting- spastic paralysis
prevention of tetanus
DPT vaccine
treatment of tetanus
antibiotic and antitoxin
innate immune cells
dendritic cells, mast cells, macrophages/monocytes, neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil
which wbc are the phagocytes
dendritic cells, neutrophils, macrophages/monocytes
which are the antigen presenter cells (APC’s)
dendritic cells, and macrophages/monocytes
which are the granulocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and mast cells
what do natural killer cells do (NK)
-kill every cell that does not present MHC1 on their surface or ones that are not showing it properly
Adaptive immunity requires what
prior infection; first response is slow, and memory to it
what cells deal with adaptive immunity
lymphocytes
types of lymphocytes
B and T cells
types of T cells
Thelper cells and cytotoxic T cells
two types of t helper cells
Th1 and Th2
what are the receptor on cytotoxic T cells and what do they do
CD8 that bind to MHC1 and promote cell lysis
what are the receptor on T helper cells
CD4 that binds to MHC 2
when CD4 binds to MHC2, what does it do T helper cell type 1
Antigen presenter cells- inflammatory response
what major body sites are heavily colonized by microbes
skin, mouth GI tract, upper respiratory tract, genital tract
are you born with microbes?
no- get colonized after birth
bacteria in the intestine use air in what kind of way?
facultative anaerobe
what bacteria is found in the stomach
helicobacteria
what is the pathogen found in the stomach
Helicobacter pylori- causes stomach ulcers because it neutralizes the pH of the stomach- can lead to gastric cancer
gram stain of helicobacteria
gram negative rods(curved) have flagella like a helicopter
which strain of E.coli is pathogen
E. coli 0157 H:7
what does E. coli 0157 H:7 cause
hemolytic uremic syndrome; releases shigatoxin which lyses blood cells in the kidneys- linked with uncooked hamburger meat
what normal flora is in intestine
E. coli, gram negative coliforms, proteus mirabilis, enterococci, enterobacter, lactobacillus, clostridium
normal flora of throat
streptococcus and staphylococcus
B cells have what kind of immunity?
Humoral- make antibody
T cells have what kind of immunity?
- cell mediated immunity
What does strep pyogenes produce to help it be more virulent
Streptokinase
Beta hemolytic
Hyaluranadase
what does active immunity mean
you make the antibody
what does passive immunity mean
somebody gave you the antibody; short lived, works fast, no long term immunity
natural active immunity
get sick then get well ; get in contact with an antigen- body makes antibodies and you get better and have memory cells against pathogen
natural passive immunity
breast milk secretory antibodies; just the antibody, get it from the mom so you are not making it; use it up and no more immunity
artificial active
injecting antigen and your body makes the antibodies against it; like a vaccine
artificial passive
you are given the antibody through injection; antivenom or antitoxin
IgG
most common, higher titers at second exposure; longest immunity
IgA
secretory; found in secretions like saliva and breast milk; dimers found colostrum mucosal secretions
IgE
allergies; bind to mast cells release histamine; binds to eosinophils
IgM
first antibody produced; primary response; pentamer; short lived; 5 different antibody molecules can bind with 5 different antigens
how is IgA linked together
by j chains; allows it to get out in secretions
Type 2 hyoersensitivity
Cytotoxic, drugs(penicillin), IgG, hours
Type 3 hypersens
Autoimmune, against self circulating antigens, IgG interacts with your own circulating antigens, hours
IgM and IgE have how many constant domains
4
IgG IgA IgD have how many constant regions/domains
3
Niesseria gonorrhoeae
Gram neg diplococci, thayer martin media, chocolate agar, oxidase positive
IgM and IgE have how many constant domains
4
IgG IgA IgD have how many constant regions/domains
3
Agglutination
Clumping; blood typing; binding of insoluble antigen with soluble antibody
Emb media is selective for
Gram neg rods bc of bile salts
Emb differential for fermentation which are non fermenters
Salmonella and shigella
Do normal flora of colon ferment
Yes
Does e coli ferment lactose on emb
Yes
Mtm is selective for
Niesseria
Direct elisa look for
Antigen
Indirect for elisa look for
Antibody
What do beta lactams do to cells
Inhibit cell wall synthesis
Penicilin does what
Blocks transpeptidation
Which penicilin is the only one made by the fungus(mold) penicillium
Penicillin G
Sulfa drug is analog for
Paba, doesnt let bacteria cell make folic acid and dies; competitive inhibition
Isoniazid is analog
Against mycobacterium: interferes with mycolic acid synthesis
Daptomycin
To treat gram positive bacterial infections
Most antiviral drugs are
Nuclieoside analogs
Tamiflu is ehat
Neuraminidase inhibitor
Many antifungals are what
Topical
Acinetobacter
Gram negative rod; surgical site, bloodstream, pneumonia, urinary tract
Burkholderia cepacia
Pneumonia
Vancomycin resistant enterococcus
Surgical site, bloodstream, urinary tract
Staph aureus HAI
Bloodstream, pneumonia
What agar for staph aureus
Chromogenic agar media selective and differential
What is inhibited by nucleoside analogs
Block reverse transcriptase and production of viral DNA; inhibit elongation or viral nucleic acid chain by the nucleic acid polymerase
Protease inhibitors do what
Inhibit processing of large viral proteins into indivi compments blocking active site of protease
Interferons do what
Prevent viral multiplication ny stimulating antiviral proteins in uninected cells
Chromogenic agar media doe what
Selective and differential for mrsa
What antibacterial drug is effective against mrsa because it disrupts lipid biosynthesis
Platensimycin