Exam 3 Flashcards Preview

Microbiology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Flashcards in Exam 3 Deck (55)
Loading flashcards...
1
Q

The function of a gene is…

A

To build proteins, carry genetic information, and to dictate the amino acid sequence and chain length of a protein

2
Q

The entire DNA double helix is copied during…

A

DNA replication

3
Q

A polypeptide is synthesized during…

A

Transcription

4
Q

tRNA carries amino acids during…

A

Translation

5
Q

mRNA is synthesized during…

A

Transcription

6
Q

What happens to introns?

A

They are clipped out of mRNA before translation

7
Q

How are DNA and RNA similar?

A

They are both involved in protein synthesis and are composed of nucleotides

8
Q

The function of a prokaryotic flagellum is…

A

Motility

9
Q

The function of pilus is…

A

Conjugation

10
Q

The function of Fimbrea is…

A

Adhesion

11
Q

Transcription begins when RNA polymerase binds fo the DNA at the…

A

Promoter

12
Q

Flagellum

A

Structurally similar to cilia but fewer in number in a cell and longer

13
Q

Leucoplast

A

Type of plant organelle that stores starch

14
Q

Cytosol

A

Fluid membrane that bathes the contents of the cytoplasm

15
Q

Golgi

A

Stacks of flattened membrane sacs which package molecules in vesicles for transport and secretion

16
Q

Lysosomes

A

Membrane sacs that contain hydrolytic enzymes. Enzymes that assist in hydrolysis reactions.

17
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Membranous canals that are found throughout the cytoplasm

18
Q

Cell wall

A

Found outside the cell membrane

19
Q

Ribosomes

A

Small granules which are present in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells which assist in protein synthesis from amino acids.

20
Q

Nucleus

A

Structure composed of double membrane surrounding chromatin

21
Q

Chloroplast

A

Organelle which carries out photosynthesis

22
Q

Vacuole

A

Membrane sac of fluid. Plants have a large one and animal cells have a small one

23
Q

Mitochondrion

A

Organelle which carries out chemical reactions which allow oxidation of organic molecules and the use of that energy to produce ATP, the useful form of chemical energy for cells.

24
Q

Cilia

A

Numerous short hair like structures which often assist a cell in moving.

25
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Structure which regulates passage of molecules into and out of the cell.

26
Q

Genetics

A

The study of how organisms inherit DNA, and how variations in DNA result in differences between people.

27
Q

Genome

A

The complete set of genetic instructions for any organism

28
Q

Gene

A

Short stretch of DNA in a genome that carries the information required to express a single polypeptide

29
Q

Genotype

A

The precise sequence of nucleotides found in an organism that specify the genetic makeup of that individual

30
Q

Phenotype

A

Observable physical properties of an individual

31
Q

Transcription

A

The process of making an RNA copy of the DNA sequence of a specific gene sequence. The copy is mRNA

32
Q

Translation

A

When the genetic information contained in the mRNA is used as a blueprint to make protein. mRNA is decoded during this process and used to make amino acids

33
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger RNA is a copy of the DNA contained in a gene that transfers the genetic info from DNA inside the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

34
Q

rRNA

A

Ribosomal RNA is a type of RNA that makes ribosomes

35
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer RNA delivers amino acids to the ribosomes

36
Q

Anticodon

A

Three nucleotides that are a part of the amino acid that binds to the mRNA codon

37
Q

Mutation

A

Permanent change in the DNA

38
Q

Silent mutations

A

These do not change the amino acid sequence and do not affect the function of a protein

39
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

Has a stop codon in the middle of a sequence. The proteins lose their 3D shape and their functionality

40
Q

Missense mutation

A

Substitution if one amino acid for another in the polypeptide. This has little effect on function of the protein

41
Q

Vertical gene transfer

A

When genetic information in DNA is transmitted from parents to offspring during reproduction

42
Q

Horizontal gene transfer

A

The DNA from one genome from one organism is transmitted to another. The cell that gives DNA is a donor cell.

43
Q

Three main mechanisms of a horizontal transfer

A

Transformation
Conjugation
Transduction

44
Q

Transformation

A

DNA from dead bacteria is taken up by live bacteria

45
Q

Conjugation

A

DNA moves from one live bacteria to another

46
Q

Transduction

A

A virus moves DNA from one live bacteria to another

47
Q

Endospores

A

Endospores can can survive extreme conditions

48
Q

Operon

A

A cluster of gene related functions that are co-regulated

49
Q

Promoter

A

A stretch of regulatory DNA where the RNA polymerase binds

50
Q

Inducible operons

A

Genes that are usually turned off unless they are needed

51
Q

Repressible operons

A

Genes are usually turned on unless there is a signal to turn them off

52
Q

Cloning vector

A

A small piece of DNA, taken from a virus, plasmid, or an organism that can be maintained and into a foreign DNA fragment can be inserted for cloning purposes

53
Q

Quorum sensing

A

Regulation of a gene expression in response to fluctuations in cell population density. Quorum sensing bacteria produce and release chemical signal molecules called auto-inducers that increase in concentration as a function of cell density

54
Q

Periplasm

A

A concentrated gel like matrix in the space between the inner cytoplasmic membrane and bacterial outer membrane

55
Q

What are exons?

A

Information carrying regions of eukaryotic genes