Exam #3 Flashcards Preview

Abnormal Psych > Exam #3 > Flashcards

Flashcards in Exam #3 Deck (88)
Loading flashcards...
1
Q

Suicidal self-injury

A

Deliberate, self-inflicted injury with any intent to die

2
Q

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI)

A

Deliberate, self-inflicted tissue damage with no intent to die

3
Q

Aborted attempt

A

Steps taken toward suicide but stops SELF

4
Q

Interrupted attempt

A

Steps taken toward suicide but stopped/prevented by OTHER

5
Q

Motivation of NSSI (most common)

A

To decrease sadness, anxiety, and anger

6
Q

Motivation of suicide (most common)

A

To escape- unpleasant emotions or negative life events

7
Q

Interpersonal theory of suicide (2 factors)

A
  1. Desire for suicide

2. Capable of suicide

8
Q

What groups are at high-risk for suicide?

A
  • YA Native American males

- Older white males

9
Q

Protective factors against suicide

A
  • Mental health treatment
  • Social support and connectedness
  • Parental monitoring
  • Means restriction
  • Fear of death
10
Q

Which types of treatments aren’t very helpful for suicide prevention?

A

Group only interventions and brief interventions

11
Q

Safety plan for suicide (6)

A
  1. Warning signs
  2. Internal coping strategies
  3. People and places that provide distraction
  4. People that provide help
  5. Professionals/agencies that can be contacted in a crisis
  6. Making the environment safe
12
Q

Effective treatments for suicide

A
  • Individual therapy + family therapy + parent training
  • Skills training (CBT and DBT)
  • Target other problem behavior
  • Intensive early treatment and maintenance for at least 1 year
13
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Significant loss of contact with reality

14
Q

Emil Kraepelin (1899)

A

Used term Dementia Praecox to describe SZ

  • Dementia: progressive deterioration of thought, affect, and behavior
  • Praecox: precocious or early ripening, showing up early in adulthood
15
Q

Eugen Bleuler (1908)

A

Introduced term “schizophrenia”, “associative splitting”, believed that some could recover (~25%)

16
Q

Organic pathology

A

Caused by neurochemical, structural, or physical impairment or change

17
Q

Lifetime prevalence of SZ

A

About 1%

18
Q

What is the hallmark of SZ?

A

Psychosis- significant loss of contact with reality

19
Q

SZ DSM-5 Criteria

A
Two (or more) of the following for 1-month (one symptom but be 1, 2, or 3):
1. Delusions
2. Hallucinations
3. Disorganized speech
4. Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
5. Negative symptoms
• Continuous signs for at least 6 months
• Functioning is significantly impaired
20
Q

Delusions

A
  • Erroneous belief
  • Fixed and firmly held despite clear contradictory evidence
  • Disturbance in content of thought
  • Occurs in 90% during course of SZ
21
Q

Hallucinations

A
  • Sensory experience
  • Seems real but occurs in absence of any external perceptual stimulus
  • Auditory more common (75%) than visual (39%)
22
Q

Disorganized speech

A
  • Disturbance in form (not content) of thought

- “cognitive slippage” or “loosening” of associations

23
Q

Disorganized and Catatonic behavior

A
  • Impairment of goal-directed activity
  • Occurs in areas of daily functioning
  • Catatonia: abnormality of movement and behavior
24
Q

Positive symptoms of SZ

A

Excess or distortion in normal repertoire of behavior and experience (ex: delusions and hallucinations)

25
Q

Negative symptoms of SZ

A

Absence or deficit of normally present behaviors (eg: affect, speech, motivation) (ex: apathy, lack of emotion, nonexistent social functioning)

26
Q

Schizoaffective disorder

A

Features of SZ and severe mood disorder

27
Q

Schizophreniform disorder

A

SZ-like psychoses lasting at least 1 month but less than 6 months

28
Q

Delusional disorder

A

Delusional beliefs with otherwise normal behavior

29
Q

Brief psychotic disorder

A

Sudden onset of psychotic symptoms or disorganized speech and catatonic behavior

30
Q

Endophenotypes

A

Stable and measurable traits thought to be under genetic controls, can be controlled/measured or inherited

31
Q

Brain areas reduced by SZ

A
  • Prefrontal grey matter

- Superior temporal gyrus grey matter

32
Q

Brain area increased by SZ

A

Ventricles

33
Q

Disruption to medial prefrontal cortex in SZ

A
  • Confusion about what’s real vs imaginary (delusions)

- Confusion about what’s internally generated (inner speech) vs externally generated (hallucination)

34
Q

Premorbid phase of SZ

A

1st, cognitive motor or social deficits

35
Q

Prodromal phase of SZ

A

2nd, brief/attenuated positive symptoms and/or functional decline

36
Q

Psychotic phase of SZ

A

3rd, florid positive symptoms

37
Q

Stable phase of SZ

A

4th, negative symptoms, cognitive/social deficits, functional decline

38
Q

What do antipsychotics do in SZ?

A

Block dopamine

39
Q

Social skills training

A

For SZ, skills broken down into discrete steps (ex: how to have a conversation), works best for negative symptoms

40
Q

Social cognition and interaction training (SCIT)

A

For SZ, directly train the social processes underlying social skills, such as emotion perception and ToM

41
Q

Neuroplasticity-based social cognitive training

A

For SZ, target neural mechanisms subserving social cognitive processes with computer training

42
Q

What treatment works best for positive symptoms of SZ?

A

CBT

43
Q

What is autism spectrum disorder? (2 components)

A

Difficulties in social communication + restricted and repetitive interests and behaviors

44
Q

Autism deficits (3)

A
  1. Social-emotional reciprocity
  2. Nonverbal communication
  3. Initiating and maintaining relationships
45
Q

Autism has presence of (4)

A
  1. Repetitive motor movements
  2. Insistence of sameness
  3. Highly restricted/fixated interests
  4. Unusual sensory interests or aversions
46
Q

Cognitive theories of ASD

A

Deficits in underlying cognitive functions –> ASD (ex: deficits in ToM)

47
Q

Weak Central Coherence (WCC)

A

ASD has limited ability to see big picture, detail-focused (ex: state map explanation)

48
Q

Applies behavior analysis (ABA) for ASD

A

Targets communication and cognitive abilities, skills broken down into small steps and taught with diminishing prompts

49
Q

Addictive behavior

A

Behavior based on pathological need for substance or activity

50
Q

Levels of substance involvement (2)

A
  1. Intoxication

2. Use- abuse and dependence (tolerance and withdrawal)

51
Q

Physical effects of chronic alcohol use (3)

A
  1. Malnutrition
  2. Cirrhosis of liver
  3. Brain damage
52
Q

What is drug use strongly influenced by?

A

Environment

53
Q

What is drug abuse/dependence strongly influenced by?

A

Genetic vulnerability

54
Q

Positive reinforcement for substance use

A

Subjective pleasure and dopaminergic activation

55
Q

Negative reinforcement for substance use

A

Escape from pain, stress, anxiety, and depression

56
Q

Medications to block desire to drink (2)

A
  1. Disulfiram (antabuse)

2. Naltrexone

57
Q

Medication to lower side effects of acute withdrawal

A

Valium

58
Q

Negative effects of marijuana

A
  • Cognitive impairment (memory)
  • Amotivation
  • Hallucinations and paranoia
  • Respiratory consequences
59
Q

2 types of anorexia

A
  1. Restricting type

2. Binge-eating/purging type (out of control from normal restricting diet)

60
Q

Anorexia

A

Fear of gaining weight, refusal to maintain normal weight, marked disturbance in body image

61
Q

Bulimia

A

Frequent episodes of binge eating, lack of control (dissociate), recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior

62
Q

Medical complications in anorexia

A
  • Death from heart arrhythmias
  • Kidney damage & renal failure
  • Downy hair
  • 3% mortality rate
63
Q

Medical complications in bulimia

A
  • Electrolyte imbalances
  • Hypokalemia (low K+)
  • Damage to hands, throat, & teeth
64
Q

Binge eating disorder

A

Frequent episodes of binge eating, typically overweight or obese, no compensatory weight loss behaviors

65
Q

Age of onset of anorexia

A

16-20 years old

66
Q

Age of onset of bulimia

A

Women ages 21-24

67
Q

Age of onset of BED

A

30-50 year olds

68
Q

Where are brain abnormalities in eating disorders?

A

Hypothalamus, temporal, and frontal regions + low serotonin

69
Q

Treatments for anorexia

A
  • Emergency procedures to restore weight
  • Antidepressants or antipsychotic meds
  • Family therapy
  • CBT
70
Q

Treatments for bulimia

A
  • Antidepressants
  • CBT
  • Unified treatment for disordered eating
  • DBT
71
Q

Treatment of BED

A
  • Antidepressants

- CBT and interpersonal therapy

72
Q

Mesocorticolimbic pathway structures (3)

A
  1. Ventral tegmental area
  2. Nucleus accumbens
  3. Prefrontal cortex
73
Q

What are personality disorders?

A
  • Inflexible and maladaptive traits and behavior patterns

- Distorted perceiving, thinking about, and relating to the world

74
Q

Personality disorder contexts (4)

A
  1. Cognition
  2. Affectivity
  3. Interpersonal functioning
  4. Impulse control
75
Q

Personality disorder cluster A

A

Odd or eccentric (4%): (paranoid, schizoid), schizotypal

76
Q

Personality disorder cluster B

A

Dramatic, emotional, erratic (4%): (histrionic), narcissistic, antisocial, borderline

77
Q

Personality disorder cluster C

A

Anxiety and fearful (7%): avoidant, (dependent), obsessive-compulsive

78
Q

What is the lifetime prevalence of all personality disorders?

A

10-12%

79
Q

Schizoid personality disorder

A

Cluster A, Impaired social relationships, inability and lack of desire to form attachments to others, prevalence 1%, males > females

80
Q

Schizotypal personality disorder

A

Cluster A, peculiar thought patterns, oddities of perception and speech that interfere with communication and social interaction

81
Q

Histrionic personality disorder

A

Cluster B, attention seeking behavior, extreme concern with attractiveness and approval

82
Q

Narcissistic personality disorder

A

Cluster B, grandiosity, self-promoting, preoccupation with receiving attention, lack of empathy, subtypes: grandiose & vulnerable

83
Q

How many symptoms are needed to diagnose borderline personality disorder?

A

5 or more out of 9, can have very different symptoms in patients (heterogeneous disorder)

84
Q

Dialectical Behavior Therapy

A

Marsha Linehan, change: emotion regulation & interpersonal effectiveness, acceptance: mindfulness & distress tolerance

85
Q

Antisocial personality disorder

A

Cluster B, disregard for and violation of others’ rights, lack of moral or ethical development, deceitful and shameless manipulation

86
Q

2 dimensions of psychopathy

A
  1. Affective and interpersonal core- lack of remorse

2. Behavior-antisocial or impulsive acts

87
Q

Psychopathy causal factors

A

• Heritable traits
• Fearlessness and fear conditioning deficits
• Less reactive to distress and punishment cues
• Aberrant reward processing
• Underarousal hypothesis
• Cortical immaturity hypothesis
• Parental factors: rejection, inconsistent
discipline

88
Q

Big 5 factors related to personality disorders

A
  1. Negative affectivity (neuroticism)
  2. Detachment (extreme introversion)
  3. Antagonism (low agreeableness)
  4. Disinhibition (extreme low conscientiousness)
  5. Psychoticism