Exam 3 Flashcards
(171 cards)
1
Q
Nautiloids are — today and Ammonites are —
A
Alive; extinct
2
Q
Ammonoids (Ammonites) make up a bigger category than
A
Nautiloids
3
Q
What geologic era can you find the trilobite
A
Paleozoic
4
Q
Rapid diversification of animal life; defines the beginning of Phanerozoic
A
Cambrian explosion
5
Q
Which of these rocks have the smallest grain size: arkose, breccia, shale, siltstone
A
Shale
6
Q
The Burgess Shale has tons of fossils from the — preserved in very fine detail
A
Cambrian explosion
7
Q
Organisms began —- and —- in order to survive extinction
A
Burrowing; swimming
8
Q
— and increased — and — are new developments during the Cambrian Explosion in order to survive and create new advantages
A
Hard skeletons; mobility; protection
9
Q
Organisms in the Cambrian had new body organizations including —, —, —, —, etc.
A
Head; tails; brain; eyes
10
Q
— were abundant and important during the the Mesozoic
A
Ammonites
11
Q
— went extinct at the Meso-Ceno boundary
A
Rudist clams
12
Q
Early invertebrates evolved — first
A
Armor
13
Q
— ended in a major ice age
A
Carboniferous
14
Q
When did the 3 ice house conditions occur
A
Ordovician-Silurian boundary
Carboniferous-Permian boundary
Paleocene-Neocene boundary
15
Q
Antarctic ice sheets began around — ago
A
33 Ma
16
Q
Grasslands spread and became abundant in the —
A
Miocene
17
Q
— are most closely related to vertebrates
A
Crinoids
18
Q
The western interior seaway is an —
A
Epeiric Sea
19
Q
— show clear evidence of predatory, carnivorous lifestyle
A
Gastropoda
20
Q
The — is comsidered the largest extinction of all time
A
Permian-Triassic
21
Q
What were the orogenic events of the Appalachian Mountains
A
Taconic, Acadian, Alleghanian
22
Q
— have long necks
A
Plesiosaurs
23
Q
— was not a part of Gondwana
A
North America
24
Q
Coral reefs were are decimated in the —
A
Late Devonian Mass Extinction
25
During the Carboniferous --- were extensive, and repeated transgression/ regression sequences buried them
Coal producing swamps
26
--- and --- reefs were abundant and diverse in the Devonian
Tabulate; Rugose
27
Coral reefs first became common in the
Ordovician
28
One of the most notable effects of the Late Devonian Mass Extinction was
Coral reefs disappearing
29
* Temperatures drop
| * Sea level stays fairly high until end
The Ordovician Climate
30
* Temperatures are low
| * Sea levels fall
The Silurian Climate
31
* Temperatures are high, but fall dramatically at the end
| * Sea level fairly high, falls at end
The Devonian Climate
32
A Minor ice age in which Mesozoic period
Late Jurassic
33
* Temperatures are high
| * Sea level rises
Cambrian Climate
34
* Temperatures are low - ice age (ice sheets on Gondwana)
| * Sea levels rise and fall with ice changes
Carboniferous Climate
35
* Temperatures are warming, leaving ice age
| * Sea level falls, particularly at end
Permian Climate
36
* Temperatures are decreasing
* Sea levels relatively low
* Large areas are fairly dry
Triassic Climate
37
* Temperatures are warming
* Sea levels increasing
* Epeiric seas on most continents
Cretaceous Climate
38
* Temperatures are low(ish)
* Sea levels increasing
* Continents are dry
Jurassic Climate
39
* Begins cooling shift toward modern climate state
| * Northern Hemisphere glaciation begins at end ---
Middle Miocene Climate Transition
40
Carboniferous named for
Coal
41
Coal swamps were buried by
Repeated transgression/ regression sequences
42
The break up of Pangaea occurred in the
End Permian
43
Pangea was surrounded by a global ocean called
Panthalassa
44
Pangaea was formed during the
Late Carboniferous/Early Permian
45
The collision of --- and --- formed pangea
Gondwana; Euramerica
46
the transition period of fish into land animals
Tetrapods
47
Tetrapods (terrestrial vertebrates) evolved from
Lobe finned fish
48
Tiktaalik was the first discovered tetrapod with a
Neck
49
Which early tetrapod did Dr. Clack model the mobility of in her lab?
Ichthyostega
50
Sonic Hedgehog is responsible for growth and development of
Limbs
51
Why are human males susceptible to hernias?
Because human (and many mammal) gonads have descended through the body wall, leaving a weak point
52
Fish and humans have gill arches in embryonic form. In fishes, they evolve into gills. What do they evolve into in humans?
Jaw bones
53
--- colonized the land in the Silurian
Arthropods
54
Reptiles become fully terrestrial vertebrates in the
Carboniferous
55
What do triassic plants lack
flowers
56
Tree and plant life became well established on land during the
Carboniferous
57
The first definite vascular, land plants appeared in the
Silurian
58
The first land plant may have evolved in the -- but it was likely ---
Ordovician; nonvascular
59
The first "forests" of tall plants evolved in the
Devonian
60
what is the first of the "big five" mass extinctions?
End Ordovician Mass Extinction
61
What percent of species went extinct at the End Ordovician Mass Extinction
85%
62
What species went extinct at the End Ordovician Mass Extinction
Crinoids,
63
The End Ordovician Mass Extinction was caused by --- and ---
cooling and glaciation
64
what is the second of the "big five" mass extinctions?
Late Devonian Mass Extinction
65
The Late Devonian Mass Extinction was caused by --- and ---`
cooling and sea level
66
What is the biggest mass extinction of all
End Permian Mass Extinction
67
What percent of species went extinct at the End Permian Mass Extinction
96%
68
The End Permian Mass Extinction is the closest we've ever come to ---
wiping out all life on the Earth
69
What are some causes of End Permian Mass Extinction
Flood Volcanism
Siberian Traps
Global Warming
Shallow Sea Level
70
What went extinct at the End Permian Mass Extinction
```
Tabulate and rugose corals
Trilobites
Eurypterids
Gastropods (97%)
Crinoids (98%)
Ammonites (97%)
Brachiopods (96%)
```
71
During the Cambrian, North America was
Near the equator
72
Causes of Cambrian explosion
```
Temperatures are high
Sea levels rose
Floods continental shelves
No land plants or animals
"rapid diversity" of animal life
```
73
Preserves soft tissue as well as hard parts
| Snapshot of shallow water life after Cambrian explosion
Burgess Shale
74
Most extant phyla originated during the
Cambrian
75
Trilobites dominate the
Cambrian
76
Tabulate and Rugose corals become dominant reef builders in the
Ordovician
77
---, ---, ---, and --- were developed in the Great Ordovican Biodiversification event
Brachiopods, Nautiloids, Bryozoa, Crinoids
78
Trilobites survived until the end of the
Permian
79
Trilobite were probably mostly ---, some ---, and a few may be ---
scavengers; predators; planktonic
80
Trilobites are ---
arthropods
81
* Two shelled organism, lived on seafloor
* Still some species alive today, but rare
* Filter feeder
Brachiopods
82
Brachiopods are usually found ---, bivalves are found ---
closed; open
83
Brachiopods existed for the whole ---, but are important for the ---
Phanerozoic; Paleozoic
84
* These are animals
* Filter feeders
* Related to starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars
Crinoids
85
Crinoids are important in ---, extinct since --
Paleozoic; Ordovician
86
--- have five-way symmetry
Echinoderms
87
What are the three Important Molluscs
* Cephalopods
* Bivalves
* Gastropods
88
squid, octopus
Cephalopods
89
clams, oysters
Bivalves
90
snails, slugs
Gastropods
91
include octopus, squid, cuttlefish, generally don’t have shells
Modern cephalopods
92
often had shells
Ancient cephalopods
93
* Similar to Nautilus
| * Extinct at the same time as the dinosaurs
Ammonites
94
• Basically unchanged for 200 Ma
Nautilus
95
Nautiloids are ---, Ammonoids are ---
Alive; extinct
96
Cephalopods existed for whole ---, Important for most of the --- and ---
Phanerozoic; Paleozoic and Mesozoic
97
* Clams, mussels etc.
| * Have existed for most of Phanerozoic, but become a major part of ecosystems in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic
Bivalves
98
Bivalves are --- who --- deeply and can ---
filter feeders; burrow; swim
99
Bivalves existed from --- to ---, important during --- and ---
Phanerozoic; present; Mesozoic and Cenozoic
100
• Snails and limpets
Gastropods
101
Some gastropod are
predatory
102
Gastropods have existed for the entire ---, but only a major part of ecosystems for the ---
Phanerozoic; Cenozoic
103
Some modern gastropods have lost their
shells
104
--- and --- coral is common in Paleozoic, extinct at end Permian
Tabulate and Rugose
105
* Modern corals – evolved in Triassic
| * Unclear relationship to previous tabulates or rugose
Scleractinian corals
106
* Most primitive multicellular animals
| * can regenerate after breakup
Sponges (porifera)
107
• Small colonial organisms – common part of marine community throughout phanerozoic
Bryozoa
108
Bryozoans are related to
brachiopods
109
are most closely related to vertebrates
Echinoderms
110
Late Devonian Mass Extinction was worse in
tropical regions
111
Crinoids were very abundant in --- during the Carboniferous
oceans
112
--- are differentiated into different types, --- are mostly the same along the jaw
Mammal teeth; Reptile teeth
113
--- are constantly replaced, --- are kept for adult life
Reptile teeth; Mammal teeth
114
Mammal ancestors also develop simpler jaws with more complex ears in the
Mesozoic
115
Archosaurs are dominant in
Mesozoic
116
First large marine reptiles evolve – these are not dinosaurs – in
Mesozoic
117
First pterosaurs evolve (also not dinosaurs) in the
Mesozoic
118
Early crocodile like animals are around in
Triassic
119
First dinosaurs do evolve in
Triassic
120
--- (conifers, ginkgos, cycads, and tree ferns) were plants that dominated the Triassic
Gymnosperms
121
Large scale volcanism – like Permo-Triassic extinction
• Less clear on causes
• Some important reptile groups go extinct
Triassic-Jurassic Mass Extinction
122
“Bird Hipped”
Ornithischia
123
“Lizard Hipped”
Saurischia
124
Some carnivorous, some herbivorous
Saurischia
125
Extinct at end Cretaceous
Ornithischia
126
All herbivorous
Ornithischia
127
Birds
Saurischia (Theropods)
128
--- are carnivorous and bipedal
theropods
129
--- are bipedal and quadrapedal
ornithopods
130
Name the Ornithischia dinosaurs
Stegosaurs
Ankylosaurs
Ornithopods
Ceratopsia
131
Name the Saurischia dinosaurs
Sauropods
| Therapods
132
---, ---, --- are armored
Stegosaurs
Ankylosaurs
Ceratopsia
133
Dinosaurs were not all
large
134
• Many dinosaurs were --- and ---
quick/agile; warm-blooded to some extent
135
--- were evolutionarily very successful
Dinosaurs
136
Dinosaurs do not include --- and ---
pterosaurs; marine reptiles
137
Marine reptiles in the Mesozoic
* Ichthyosaurs
* Plesiosaurs
* Mosasaurs
138
* Basal reptile connection unclear
* Fish like body plan (convergent evolution)
* Mostly Triassic/Jurassic
* Probably deep diving
Ichthyosaurs
139
* Related to Ichthyosaurs
* Mostly Jurassic-Cretaceous
* Mostly long-necked, short necked group called ---
Plesiosaurs; pliosaurs
140
* More closely related to snakes/lizards
| * Cretaceous only
Mosasaurs
141
--- and --- made up reefs in the Mesozoic
Rudists; Corals
142
Flowering plants developed in the ---
Cretaceous
143
Cretaceous-Paleogene Mass Extinction evidence
* Iridium anomaly
* Shocked quartz
* Impact glass spherules and tektites
* Crater
* Tsunami deposits
144
Likely consequences of bolide impact are
* Tsunamis (hours/days)
* Global wildfire from ejecta (hours/days)
* ‘Nuclear winter’ (years)
* Ocean acidification
145
No modern analogue, but similar to Hawaii/Iceland
| Erupted around K-Pg boundary
Deccan Traps Flood Volcanism
146
K-Pg Casualties
```
Ammonites
Non-Avian Dinosaurs
Pterosaurs
Rudists
Marine Reptiles
```
147
Cenozoic Antarctic ice sheets first appear in the
Oligocene
148
Plio-Pleistocene are known as ---
"Ice Ages"
149
Cooling into ---, increased variability
Quaternary
150
Scleractinian corals are major --- in the Cenozoic
reef builders
151
--- and --- still dominate marine invertebrate communities in the Cenozoic
Bivalves; Gastropods
152
Most modern mammals are --- in the Cenozoic
placentals
153
Grass evolved in the
Cretaceous
154
* Fill some niche space left by marine reptiles
* Also develop filter feeding strategies
* Wolf-like
Whales
155
• First primates evolved in the early
Cenozoic
156
• Apes split from --- around 25 Ma
monkeys
157
• --- split from apes around 8 Ma
Hominids
158
• Human ancestors evolved from other --- groups around 7-8 Ma
ape
159
• Ardipithecus (Ardi): --- years old
6-4 Ma
160
• Australopithecus (Lucy): --- years old
4-2.5 Ma
161
• Homo (includes us): --- years old
2.5-0 Ma
162
Trends in hominid evolution
* Quadrupedal to bipedal
* Larger brain size
* Robust to gracile (thin) bone structure
* Smaller teeth and jaws
* Use of tools and fire
163
--- are egg laying mammals
Monotremes
164
--- give live birth to TINY offspring that they keep in a pouch to grow
Marsupials
165
The spread of grasslands affected the evolution of ---
Horses
166
Mammals that give live birth
Placentals
167
Name some Pleistocene Extinctions
Eurasia - Wholly Mammoth
NA - Saber-tooth Cat and Mastodon
AUS - Giant Kangaroo
SA - Glyptodon
168
--- is likely somewhat responsible for Pleistocene Extinction either through --- or ---
Homo sapiens; direct predation; prey competition
169
evolve from wolf-like ancestors
Whales
170
North America was near the equator until --- when it moved to its current spot
Early Cretaceous
171
Small Antarctic ice sheets in the Oligocene may be linked to the ---
Drake Passage opening
