Exam 3

Question 1

what are the three rules for evolutionary independence

Answer 1

1. broken into two populations
2. genetic divergence
3. reproductive isolation

Question 2

when 2 species diverge in different geographic areas

Answer 2

allopatric speciation

Question 3

when 2 species diverge from within the same population in one geographic area

Answer 3

sympatric speciation

Question 4

study of past and present animal and plant distributions and diversity

Answer 4

biogeography

Question 5

what are things that can contribute to sympatric speciation

Answer 5

genetic divergence
strong disruptive selection
behavioral isolation

Question 6

chromosomes do not move to the correct sides of the cell like they should

Answer 6

nondisjunction event

Question 7

What does this result in:

1. nondisjunction event occurs
2. self fertilization occurs

Answer 7

autopolyploidy

Question 8

What does this result in:

1. hybridization
2. nondisjunction event occurs
3. self fertilization/inbreeding

Answer 8

allopolyploidy

Question 9

what are the two outcomes of secondary contact after a species has gone through speciation

Answer 9

fail to hybridize or hybridize

Question 10

mechanisms that impede gene flow between divergent populations

Answer 10

isolating mechanisms (pre/postzygotic)

Question 11

fitness of the hybrid is less than that of the parent

Answer 11

reinforcement

Question 12

what happens when the hybrid’s fitness is greater than the parent’s fitness

Answer 12

coalescence or the extinction of one or more parent

Question 13

what happens when the parent’s fitness is greater than the fitness of hybrid

Answer 13

a stable hybrid zone or new species

Question 14

why does evolution after isolation occur faster in sympatry

Answer 14

because the animals are in the same geographic areas consistently

Question 15

evolution that works within a population

Answer 15

microevolution

Question 16

evolution that acts at or above species

Answer 16

macroevolution

Question 17

phylogenies show relationships among taxa based on common ancestry

Answer 17

truth truth truth

Question 18

similar traits due to common ancestry

Answer 18

homology

Question 19

group of taxa that share a common ancestor

Answer 19

monophyly

Question 20

unique trait shared by taxa due to common ancestry

Answer 20

synapomorphy

Question 21

what are the three main species concepts

Answer 21

morphospecies
biological
phylogenetic

Question 22

Which species concept is this:

evolutionarily independent species identified by morphological features

Answer 22

morphospecies

Question 23

what are disadvantages of morphospecies

Answer 23

features used are subjective
single locus traits
cannot identify cryptic species

Question 24

when is it not good to use morphospecies concept

Answer 24

when their are many different polymorphs in a population

Question 25

Which species concept is this: | populations are evolutionarily independent if reproductively isolated from each other

Answer 25

biological species concept

Question 26

what are the disadvantages to the biological species concept

Answer 26

reproductive isolation can't be seen in fossils, asexual species, or geographically isolated

Question 27

Which species concept is this: smallest distinguishable clade on a phylogenetic tree identified by synapomorphies and evolutionary history

Answer 27

phylogenetic species concept

Question 28

what are the disadvantages of phylogenetics

Answer 28

only available for a small population | genetic difference can lead to a bunch of different species

Question 29

single species rapidly evolves into a large number of descendent species that occupy a variety of ecological niches -outcome of speciation events

Answer 29

adaptive radiation

Question 30

why is adaptive radiation more common on islands

Answer 30

because they are new and often empty ecological niches

Question 31

what three ecological opportunities trigger adaptive radiation

Answer 31

colonization extinction morphological innovation

Question 32

the earlier an organism arrives to a habitat the greater diversification they they have

Answer 32

true

Question 33

organisms don't change morphologically or ecologically

Answer 33

stasis

Question 34

``` Shared derived traits of who: no tail relatively erect posture flexibility of hips, wrist, thumb structure of arm/shoulder ```

Answer 34

hominidae

Question 35

transitional from monkeys to humans

Answer 35

graecopithecus

Question 36

why does small size suffice on small islands

Answer 36

because there are little to no predators