Exam 3 content

Question 1

Secondary names for the pentosphosphate pathway

Answer 1

Hexosmonophosphate shunt

Phosphogluconate pathway

Question 2

This cofactor is only used in fatty acids and only found in enzymes found in fatty tissues

Answer 2

NADPH

Question 3

30% of glucose is metabolized via this pathway

Answer 3

Pentosphosphate pathway

Question 4

Enzyems found in the Pentosphosphate pathway are found where?

The enzymes uded in glycolysis are found here as well

Answer 4

Cytosol

Question 5

The five carbon sugar produced from glucose via the PPP

Answer 5

Ribose

Question 6

Biological contextx that use the PPP

Answer 6

• Photosynthesis
• Cholosterol Metabolisim
• Fatty acid metabolisim

Question 7

Relate the PPP to glycolysis

Answer 7

Some of the intermideates of the PPP can enter other pathways and are gluconeogenic or glycolytic

Question 8

The products of the oxidative steps of PPP

Answer 8

• 2 NADPH molicules
• 1 ribose sugar
• 1 CO2

Question 9

Which pathway is responsible for the synthesis of glucose?

Answer 9

Gluconeogensis

Question 10

Tissues that rely mostly on glucose

Answer 10

Kidney médula, testéis, lense, córnea, RBC, brain tissue

Question 11

A polymer of glucose stored in muscle and liver cells

Creates a 12 hour supply of glucose

Answer 11

Glycogen

Question 12

This tissue accounts for 75% of all daily glucose use

Answer 12

Brain tissue

Question 13

This pathway takes place in the liver

Answer 13

Gluconeogeninsis

Question 14

List the molicules that can undergo gluconeogenisis

Answer 14

*TCA intermediates
* glycerol
* lactate
* glucolytic intermediates
* all amino acids

Question 15

The fist step of gluconeogensis uses what TCA intermideate?

Answer 15

Oxaloacetate

Question 16

What enzyme catalyses the first reaction of gluconeogensis?
What energy source is used to power this reaction?

Answer 16

phosphoenolpyruvate kinase

GTP

Question 17

Which enzyme catalyses the formation of fructo-6-phosphate from fructo-1,6-bisphosphate?

Draw the reaction

Answer 17

fructosbisphosphitase

(see notes)

Question 18

What enzyme catalyses the reaction of glucose from glucose-6-phosphate?

Answer 18

glucose-6-phosphitase

Question 19

What enzyme catalyse the reaction to turn lactate into oxaloacetate?

Answer 19

pyruvate carboxylase

Question 20

How much ATP is used during gluconeogensis?

Answer 20

11 ATP

Question 21

glycosidic bond

Answer 21

A bond between sugar molicules

Question 22

What are the two ways a glycosidic bond can be linked

Answer 22

• 1,4
• 1,6

Question 23

Which ways can a glycosidic bond point

Answer 23

up(beta) or down(alpha)

Question 24

Name this molicule

• exoskeletons of inveterbrites
• glucos with an actyl

Answer 24

chitin

Question 25

# Name this molicule * held together with beta-1,4-linkages * broken down with cellulase (enzyme produced by microbes)

Answer 25

cellulose

Question 26

# Name this molicule * found in plants including grains and roots * alpha-1,4/1,6- branched linkages

Answer 26

Starch

Question 27

# Name this molicule * found in animals * alpah-1,4/1,6- branched linkages * branched at every 8-14 units

Answer 27

glycogen

Question 28

What molicules structural?

Answer 28

Chitin and Cellulose

Question 29

What molicules are energy storage

Answer 29

Glycogen and Starch

Question 30

In what two organs is glycogen found

Answer 30

muscle tissue and the liver

Question 31

Three reasons glycogen is important

Answer 31

1. Fat can not be used to maintain blood glucose levels 2. fat can not be metabolized anerobicly 3. fat takes a long time to metabolize

Question 32

Define the given metabolic pathways: 1. Glycogenolysis 2. Glycogensis

Answer 32

1. pathway to breaking glycogen apart 2. pathway to turn glucose into glycogen

Question 33

This hormone is released when hungry to signal the breakdown of glycogen It is found in the pancreas and alpha cells

Answer 33

Glucagon

Question 34

This hormone is released when full and signals the production of glycogen It is produced in the pancreas and alpha cells

Answer 34

Insilun

Question 35

This hormone is refered as the fight or flight hormones and also signals to break down glycogen It is found in the adrenal glands

Answer 35

epinrpinfrine/norepinrpinfrine

Question 36

What molucle is requiered in order for glycogen to be built

Answer 36

glucose-1-phosphate

Question 37

The enzyme responsible for turning glucose-6-phosphate to glucose-1-phosphate

Answer 37

phosphoglucomutase

Question 38

The enzyme responsible of making alpha-1,4-linkages

Answer 38

glycogen synthase

Question 39

enzyme that adds UDP-glucose onto a glycogen chain

Answer 39

UDP-glucose phosphophorylase

Question 40

The enzyme that adds alpha-1,6-linkages

Answer 40

branching enzyme

Question 41

This enzyme removes removes glucose that are 5 or more units from the branching point

Answer 41

Glycogen phosphorylase

Question 42

The enzyme that hydrolysises off an alpha-1,6-linkage after moving an alpha-1,4-linked glucose to the back

Answer 42

Debranching enzyme

Question 43

What two glycointermideates are produced in the PPP

Answer 43

Glucose - 6 - phosphate Glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate