Exam 3: GI 1-2 Flashcards
(92 cards)
1
Q
What are the 2 parts of the GIT?
A
Gi Tract
Accessory organs
2
Q
What are the 6 major functions of the GIT
A
- Transportation
- Digestion
- Absorption
- water and electrolyte balance
- Immunologic barrier
- Thermoregulation
3
Q
First act of digestion, involves the actions of the teeth, the jaws, the tongue, and the cheeks
A
Mastication
4
Q
Food intake
A
prehension
5
Q
What are the 4 functions of the motility of the GI tract?
A
- propel ingesta
- retain ingesta at given site
- break up food
- circulate ingesta so all contacts sufaces
6
Q
What is the first motility pattern in the GIT
A
Deglutition
7
Q
What are the 2 phases of degllutition?
A
- voluntary (oral phase)
2. involuntary (swallow reflex)
8
Q
difficulty swallowing
A
dysphagia
9
Q
What are the 2 types of dysphagia?
A
- oropharyngeal
2. esophageal
10
Q
What is oropharyngea dysphagia?
A
malfunction of the pharynx and upper esophageal sphincter
11
Q
What is esophageal dysphagia?
A
due to malfunction of esophagus
12
Q
a dysphagia in which food particles/fluids or stomach contents reach the upper airways
A
Aspiration
13
Q
Regulatory center for energy homeostasis?
A
hypothalamus
14
Q
What part of the hypothalamus is the hunger centers?
A
- nuclear paraventricularis
- lateral hypothalamus fields
- perifornical region
15
Q
What part of the hypothalamus is the satiety center
A
- nuclear ventromedialis
16
Q
Which hormone inhibits hunger and inc. energy consumption?
A
Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
17
Q
What two neuropeptiedes stimulates the appetite center?
A
neuropeptide y (NPY) orexin
18
Q
What non-hypothalamic hormone stimulates the appetite center?
A
Ghrelin
19
Q
What 4 non-hypothalmic hormones inhibit the hunger center?
A
- Cholecystokinin (CCK)
- Peptide YY (PYY)
- Leptin
- Insulin
20
Q
What are the 2 categories of salivary glands?
A
- major salivary glands
2. small salivary glands
21
Q
What are the 3 types of secretions of salivary glands?
A
- Serous
- mucous
- seromucous
22
Q
What are the 3 most important salivary glands in animals?
A
- parotid
- mandibular
- sublingual
23
Q
What are the 4 functions of saliva?
A
- protection
- deglutition
- enzymatic digestion
- pH regulation
24
Q
What are 3 secondary funtions of saliva?
A
- immunologic function
- thermoregulation
- defense (Llamas)
25
What does saliva consist of?
Water and electrolytes
26
Where is primary saliva produced?
in the acinus
27
Where is secondary saliva produced?
ducts
28
What is primary saliva composed of?
H2O, Na, Cl
29
What is secondary saliva composed of?
K, HCO-
30
What PSNS receptors are responsible for regulation of saliva secretion?
M3 receptors
31
What SNS receptors are responsible for regulation of saliva secretion?
a1 receptors
32
What are the 2 types of stimulation of saliva secretion.
1. innate
| 2. conditioned
33
what is innate saliva secretion?
released through contact with bucal mucosa
34
What is conditioned saliva secretion?
released through sight, smell, or imagination of food
35
which of the following structures is elevated during deglutition to prevent food entrance into the nasal cavity?
a. Epiglottis
b. soft palate
c. hard palate
d. tongue
b. soft palate
36
Which of the following concerning saliva is not correct?
a. primary saliva is produced in the acinus cells
b. in the ducts more Cl is secreted into the lumen
c. in carnivorous, high saliva production leads to an inc. of electrolyte concentration
d. the PSNS stimulates saliva secretion
b.
37
Atropine is an anticholinergic drug used in some anesthetic protocols. Which effects would you expect on saliva production when using this drug?
a. An inc in saliva production
b. A reduced saliva production
An unchanged saliva production
b.
38
What are the 4 routs by which endocrine/paracrine secretions of the GI reach their targets
1. Endocrine secretions
2. Paracrine secretions
3. Autocrine secretions
4. Neurocrine secretions
39
Secretions are deposited close to blood vessels, and then blood carries the substances to their targets
Endocrine secretions
40
Substances diffuse through the interstitial space to affect other cells
Paracrine substance
41
Substances of a given cell regulate functions of the same cell
Autocrine substances
42
Refers to secretion by enteric neurons that affect muscle cells, glands, and blood cells
Neurocrine
43
What are the 3 determinining factor of hormones?
1. must be secreted by one cell and affect another
2. must be transported into the blood
3. must be stimulated by food and its action must be mimicked by a synthetic analog molecule
44
What are the big 5 GIT hormones?
1. Secreting
2. Gastrin
3. CCK
4. GIP
5. Motilin
45
Where is secretin produced mostly?
duodenum
46
What is the main synthesis site for Gastrin?
Antrum
47
What is the main synthesis site for CCK
all of small intestine
48
What is the main synthesis site of GIP and Motilin?
Duodenum and jejunum
49
Which hormones can be synthesized in the duodenum?
all 5
| Secretin, Gastrin, CCK, GIP, Motilin
50
Which hormones can be synthesized in teh antrum?
gastrin
51
Which hormones can be produced int The jejunum?
Some secretin
CCK
GIP
Motilin
52
Which hormones can be produced in the ileum?
CCK
53
Which hormone stimiulates bicarbonate secretion and inhibits acid secretion?
Secretin
54
Which hormones stimulates acid secretion
Gastrin
55
Which hormones stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion and gallbladder contraction
CCK
56
Which hormone inhibits gastric secretion and stimulates insulin secretion
GIP
57
Which hormone is important for induction of intestinal motility during fasting?
Motilin
58
What are the 3 glandular zones of the stomach?
1. Cardis
2. Fundus
3. Pylorus
59
What is produced in the Cardis zone of the stomach?
Mucus
60
What is produced in the Fundus of the stomach?
HCL and enzymes
61
What is produced in the pylorus of the stomach?
mucus
62
The glandular mucosa of the stomach has invaginations called:
Gastric pits
63
What do the surface mucous cells covering the surface and lining of the stomach produce?
Thick mucus to protect from acid
64
what cell type is located at the neck of the gastric pits?
parietal cells
65
What cells are the progenitor cells for the gastric mucosa
mucous neck cells
66
What do the parietal cells secrete?
HCL and pepsinogen
67
What is secreted by parietal cells that is essential for vit. B12 absorption in the ileum?
Intrinsic Factor
68
All functional cell types of the gastric pit originate from this stem cell:
mucous neck cells
69
What are the 5 cell types that can be found in the gastric pit?
1. surface mucous cells
2. marietal cells
3. mucous neck cells
4. enterochromaffine cell
4. chief cells
70
What do chief cells produce?
pepsinogen
71
What is the function of enteroendocrine cells?
secretion of endocrine substances
72
What are the 3 types of enteroendocrine cells and what do they produce?
1. G cells- Gastrin
2. D cells - Somatostatin
3. I cells - CCK
73
What is the function of the mucous producing cells in the stomach?
secretion of mucous through exocytosis
74
HCl Secretion is regulated at 3 levels:
1. neural
2. hormonal
3. paracrine
75
How is HCl neurally regulate?
Mediated by acetylcholine
76
How is HCl hormonally regualted?
Mediated by gastin
77
How is HCl paracrine regulated?
mediated by histamine
78
What are stimulatory substances for HCL secretion?
1. gastrin
2. histamine
3. acetylcholine
79
What are the inhibitory substances for HCL?
somatostatin
80
The enzymatic secretion of gastric enzymes will be stimulated at two levels:
1. neural
| 2. hormonal
81
How are gastric enzymes stimulated neurally?
1. ach
| 2. NA
82
How are gastric enzymes stimulated hormonally?
1. Secretin
| 2. CCK
83
If you have a Dec of pH in the stomach, you will have an _inc/dec_ in secretion?
Increase
84
What stimulates mucus secretion in the stomach?
AcH and PGE
85
Which drug types blok the synthesis of prostaglandines
NSAIDs
86
What do NSAIDs stimulate the formation of in the stomach?
Gastric ulcers
87
What is the problem with helicobacter pylori in the stomach?
colonizes the mucose, goes under the mucus layer and synthesize urease, making a neutral microenvironment
88
What enzymes is produced in the stomach with the help of helicobacter pylori?
urease
89
What are the 3 phases of gastric secretion?
1. cephalic
2. gastric
3 intestinal
90
What happens in the cephalic phase of gastric secretion?
before food enters,
sight, smell, taste
the greater the appetite the stronger the stimulation
91
What happens in the gastric phase of gastric secretion?
induced by vagovagal reflexes from the stomach to the brain
dilation of the stomach, presence of AA and peptides in lumen
92
What happens in the intestinal phase of gastric secretion?
Induced by the presence of food in the duodenum
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