Exam 3 ID Terms Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
Who gained distinction defending the French Revolutionaries from the royalists?
A
Napoleon Bonaparte
2
Q
In what document did Napoleon appoint himself 1st and only Consul?
A
Constitution of the Year III
3
Q
In 1804, Napoleon used plots against him as an excuse to do what?
A
Declare himself emperor.
4
Q
What did Napoleon do at his coronation ceremony in Cathedral of Notre Dame that was unusual?
A
He took the crown from the Pope and placed it on his own head, then he placed the crown on his wife Josephine’s head. Why? Perhaps he wanted to show that he was just as powerful as the pope.
5
Q
What are three important things the Napoleonic Code did?
A
- Codified law across France–eliminating differences in regions
- Guaranteed gains of the French revolution.
- Gave men more control over women in their lives
6
Q
What did Napoleon do between 1804-1815?
A
He conquered nearly all of continental Europe.
7
Q
What ideas did Napoleon spread?
A
Nationalism and the ideas of the French Revolution.
8
Q
Did countries see him as a liberator or a conqueror?
A
At first he was seen as a liberator but countries soon hated being dominated by him.
9
Q
How large was Napoleon’s army?
A
700,000 men–larger than any other European state.
10
Q
What was a success for Napoleon?
A
He brought the German states together under one ruler.
11
Q
What was Napoleon’s failure?
A
Russia–he overextended his supply lines and got caught in the extreme Russian winter, losing more than 2/3 of his army.
12
Q
After his defeat in Russia, what did Napoleon do?
A
He abdicated his throne in 1814 and was exiled to the island of Elba.
13
Q
For how long did Napoleon rule after he escaped from exile?
A
100 days
14
Q
Where was Napoleon finally defeated?
A
Waterloo, 1815
15
Q
What was the purpose of the Congress of Vienna? (1814-1815)
A
European countries met to deal with France’s defeat and to make sure no other country would dominate Europe like that again.
16
Q
What are three things the Congress of Vienna did to France?
A
- Restored the French monarchy
- Put the boundaries of France back to where they were in 1792
- Created buffer states to keep French power in check.
17
Q
What issue did the Congress of Vienna struggle with?
A
What to do with Eastern Europe.
18
Q
Why was the Congress of Vienna important?
A
It was the first agreement that extended beyond the monarch who signed it.
It began a system of Congresses that tried to keep the peace in Europe–which lasted until World War I.
19
Q
What is considered by many to be the single most important political development in Europe between 1815-1914?
A
Unification of Germany
20
Q
How did Napoleon help with the unification of Germany?
A
He brought many of the German states under one ruler.
Hatred of Napoleon caused the German states to look beyond their differences and focus on their common nationalism.
21
Q
Which state took the lead in the unification of Germany?
A
Prussia
22
Q
What person was important in the unification of Germany?
A
Otto von Bismarck, Chancellor of Prussia.
23
Q
What was the Prussian nobility called?
A
Junker
24
Q
Would you describe Bismarck as a liberal or a conservative?
A
Conservative
25
How did Bismarck think the great questions of the day would be solved?
"not by speeches and majority decisions...but by iron and blood"
26
What is a kleindeutsch?
A small Germany that did NOT include Austria. This was the aim of Bismarck.
27
How did Bismarck unify Germany?
3 wars:
1. 1864 Danish War
2. 1866 War with Austria
3. 1870-71 Franco Prussian War
28
Where is the Germany Empire proclaimed in 1871?
Hall of Mirrors at the palace of Versailles.
29
Why are Bismarck's accomplishments so important?
1. A unified Germany created a strong stable state in the heart of Europe--had good natural resources, strong military and economy
2. Germany was a conservative state and this was a blow to liberalism in Europe.
30
Who was born in Corsica to a poor family but later became the most important person in Europe?
Napoleon
31
How did Napoleon get involved in French government?
In 1799 the French government was not stable. Napoleon joined a coup that took power and he was named a consul.
32
How did Napoleon maintain control in France?
He created a very centralized bureaucracy and he used a secret police to put down plots against him.
33
What did Napoleon pass in 1804?
Napoleonic Code--a uniform set of French laws.
34
What are 2 accomplishments of Bismarck?
United Germany.
| Created the alliance system in Europe
35
What did Bismarck mean by iron and blood?
Iron=industrialization
| blood=war (but controlled war we know we can win)
36
How did Napoleon have an impact on the independence movement in Latin America?
By conquering Spain and Portugal, he broke the bond they had with their colonies. This allowed the creoles (colonists of European descent) to gain power and build an independence movement.
37
Who was considered the Latin American George Washington?
Simon Bolivar
38
Where was Simon Bolivar from?
He was a Creole, born in Venezuela, in an aristocratic family.
39
Was Bolivar a king?
No, he refused to be named a king. He became President of Gran Columbia.
40
Where did Bolivar first defeat the Spanish?
1819 in Columbia. (Next was Venezuela).
41
How many new countries existed after Bolivar's victories?
19 new countries.
42
What kind of governments did Bolivar hope the Latin American countries would form?
Republics which would join together in one larger Latin American state (like the USA).
43
What is the belief that American republics shared a common heritage and would be stronger united?
Pan-Americanism
44
What did Bolivar do to try to create a Pan American movement?
He helped create the Conference of American Republics in 1824. (but only 4 countries came, which disappointed him.)
45
Europeans believed their nation was the fittest to survive and it was their duty to bring other countries closer to their level. This was known as what?
The White Man's Burden
46
What rebellion of native Indian soldiers broke out and spread in Northern India and continued for 14 months?
The Great Mutiny/Great Rebellion of 1857
47
What was The Great Mutiny of 1857 challenging?
The control of the English East India Company in India.
48
How was the Great Mutiny of 1857 subdued?
The British government got involved and were helped by Indian troops from the South who were loyal to the Britain.
49
What was an important change in India due to the Great Mutiny of 1857?
The East India Company no longer controlled India--now the British government ruled it directly.
50
Because of the White Man's Burden, the British believed they needed to save the Indians from their way of life. What did they do about education?
The British set up secondary education institutions based on western ideas throughout India.
They also allowed some Indians to travel to England to be educated.
51
This group was formed in 1885 as a debating society to discuss Indian independence and rights.
Indian National Congress
52
By 1905, what kind of activities was the Indian National Congress organizing?
Mass demonstrations and boycotts against the British in India.
53
What inspired the Indian National Congress to make more demands of the British?
They were inspired because Britain had given the right to self rule to some of its colonies.
54
This lawyer fought for better treatment of Indians in South Africa before returning home to India.
Mohandas Gandhi
55
True or False? Gandhi believed violence was justified in obtaining independence from Britain.
False--he believed in non violent resistance.
56
What is Satyagraha?
peaceful political resistance--which Gandhi believed in
57
How did Gandhi encourage Indians to boycott the British?
He encouraged them to not buy British goods and to produce what they needed themselves through cottage industry.
58
As part of the White Man's Burden, the British believed they should reform what they saw as social abuses in India. What was one of the first practices that the British banned in 1829?
Sati--the practice of a widow throwing herself on her husband's funeral pyre when he was being cremated.
59
Why did Indian women practice Sati?
Throwing themselves on their husband's burning funeral pyre was seen as the ultimate sacrifice a good wife could make for her husband because it linked their souls forever.
It was also seen as a way for the husband's family to not have to care for the widow.
60
Who wrote a famous poem about the White Man's Burden?
Rudyard Kipling
61
What did Rudyard Kipling mean when he wrote that people being colonized were "half-devil and half-child"?
He meant that colonizers needed to bring Christianity to the native populations or else they would be like devils. He also meant that colonizers needed to educate the people they controlled and take care of them as if they were their children. It was their obligation to do so.
62
What meeting was held in response to the Treaty of San Stefano, which gave Russia control over Bulgaria in 1878?
Congress of Berlin
63
Who presided over the Congress of Berlin?
Otto van Bismarck
64
Which of these actions did NOT occur at the Congress of Berlin?
Bulgaria was reduced in size by 2/3 and lost its access to the Aegean Sea.
The Ottoman Empire was dismantled.
Bosnia-Herzegovina was given to Austria-Hungary to control.
Serbia, Montenegro, and Romania remained independent.
This did NOT happen:
The Ottoman Empire was dismantled.
The Ottoman Empire remained until after WWI.
65
Which groups were upset about the actions of the Congress of Berlin?
Russia--did not like losing Bulgarian territory and their port.
Balkan nationals, especially Serbia--did not like Austria controlling territory in the Balkan peninsula (Thought if anyone should be in charge it should be Serbia.)
66
What secret society, formed by the Army of the Kingdom of Serbia, wanted to unite all the territories with a Slavic majority that were not already controlled by Serbia or Montenegro?
Black Hand
67
The Black Hand was involved in a key event before WWI. What was it?
Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Black Hand, assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo in June, 1914. This event sparked WWI.
68
What is "total war"?
In a total war, a nation uses all of its resources to win the war.
The government controls the economy.
Women work in factories which are converted to make war machinery and equipment.
Food is rationed.
Men are drafted to serve in the army.
69
What was the Lusitania?
It was a British passenger liner sunk by German submarines (u-boats) in May 1915.
70
Why was the sinking of the Lusitania important to the US?
139 of the passengers who were killed on the ship were Americans. America was not involved in WWI at that time. President Wilson demanded Germany stop unrestricted submarine attacks.
71
Did Germany stop its unrestricted submarine warfare after the Lusitania was sunk?
Yes, for awhile. They started again in 1917. They knew this would draw the US into the war but they thought they could defeat the British before the US troops made it to Europe.
72
What agreement was signed after WWI?
Treaty of Versailles 1919
73
Who had high hopes for building a peaceful era through the Treaty of Versailles?
US President Woodrow Wilson
74
Why is the Treaty of Versailles called a "dictated peace"?
The losing side was not allowed to participate in the writing of the treaty. The "winners" told the losers what they had to do.
75
Who were the 4 most powerful countries represented at the Treaty of Versailles negotiations?
Great Britain
France
US
Italy
76
What were three important goals of the Treat of Versailles?
1. Make sure a war like WWI never happens again.
2. France wanted to keep Germany weak.
3. Stop the spread of Bolshevism from Russia.
77
What was the name of the plan Woodrow Wilson brought with him to the Treaty of Versailles negotiations?
14 Points
78
What were 2 important goals of Wilson's 14 Points?
He wanted national self-determination (countries would not be ruled by other countries).
He wanted to set up a League of Nations that would help solve international disputes without going to war.
79
True or False: The European countries accepted Wilson's 14 Points when negotiating the Treaty of Versailles.
For the most part, False. They did include a League of Nations in the treaty but they were not interested in most of his more liberal ideas.
80
What happened to the colonies of the defeated countries under the Treaty of Versailles?
The colonies of the Central Powers were given to the Allied nations to control until it was determined they could govern themselves. It was called the Mandate system.
81
What restrictions were placed on Germany as part of the Treaty of Versailles?
There was a stretch of territory along the Rhine River that was "demilitarized" (no armies or weapons could be placed there).
Germany's army could not have more than 10,000 men.
The German naval fleet was reduced.
Germany could not produce any heavy artillery, poison gas, submarines, tanks, planes, etc.
82
Germany was required to pay "reparations" after WWI. What does that mean?
They were required to pay back the countries they damaged by waging war in them. They were told they had to pay 5 billion gold marks a year until the debt was calculated.
83
What was Clause 231?
As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany had to admit they had full responsibility for WWI. It is called the War Guilt Clause.
84
What happened to Austria-Hungary as a result of the Treaty of Versailles?
It was dismantled and three independent states were created:
Austria
Hungary
Czechoslovakia
85
What were the two sides in the Russian Civil War?
The Reds--Bolsheviks
| The Whites--various groups united in their opposition to the Bolsheviks
86
What year did the Russian Civil War start?
1918--it started after the Russian Revolution of 1917
87
Who backed the White forces during the Russian Civil War?
Great Britain, France, the US and Japan
88
Why were the Reds more effective than the Whites in the Russian Civil War?
The Reds were more united internally. They had the backing of many in the country. Other countries backed the Whites so it seemed like foreigners were interfering in Russia's affairs. The Whites were more loosely organized and were held together only by being anti Bolshevik.
89
Who was the leader of the Soviet Union from the mid-20's until he died in 1953?
Joseph Stalin
90
What were Adolf Hitler's two main goals after taking control of Germany?
1. The unification of all Germans
| 2. Lebensraum (find living space in the East)
91
What parts of the Treaty of Versailles did Hitler defy?
1. He renounced the disarmament clause for Germany--creates jobs
2. He sent troops into the Rhineland.
92
Did Hitler become the leader of Germany by force or legally?
He was appointed Chancellor in 1932.
93
What did the League of Nations do when Germany sent troops into the Rhineland?
France and Britain complained to it but the League did nothing.
94
What is the Anschluss?
The unification of Austria and Germany.
95
What made the Anschluss possible in 1938?
Hitler signed an alliance with Italy and Mussolini. (Italy had stopped Germany from taking over Austria in 1934.) Alliance is called the Rome Berlin Axis.
96
How did Germany take over Austria?
He used propaganda to convince Austrian people that they should unite with Germany. Did not need to use force.
97
How did Hitler justify taking over part of Czechoslovakia?
There were Germans living in the Sudetenland.
98
What was the purpose of the Munich Conference in 1938?
To deal with Germany's aggressive actions in Europe.
99
Who was the leader at the Munich Conference?
Neville Chamberlain
100
What did Chamberlain use to avoid war?
Policy of Appeasement--gave up Sudetenland if Hitler promises to stop taking over land.
101
When did Hitler break his promise at the Munich Conference?
March 1939 Hitler take over the entire country of Czechoslovakia--even non-German parts.
102
How would you define the Holocaust?
The deliberate and systematic extermination of 6 million Jews, 2. 7 million Poles, and 4 million others who were deemed unworthy of life by Hitler.
103
What were the extermination camps?
They were camps designed and built by Nazi Germany in WWII to systematically kill Jews and others considered subhuman either by gassing or by extreme work under starvation conditions.
104
What was the Final Solution?
Nazi plan for total extermination of the Jews.
105
What were the Einsatzgruppen?
They were death squads who murdered Jews and others, often by mass shootings, as Germany conquered territories in Eastern Europe.
106
What status did the Nuremburg Laws give to Jews?
Declared Jews were state subjects without citizenship rights. Only those of German or related blood could be citizens of the Reich.
107
Who did Hitler sign a non-aggression pact with even though he couldn't stand Communists or Slavs?
Joseph Stalin and the Soviet Union.
108
What was the Great Purge?
Stalin got rid of many perceived enemies in the Communist Party and the army from 1936-1938.
109
Which world leaders were at the Potsdam Conference?
Truman (US), Churchill (Great Britain), Stalin (USSR)
110
When was the Potsdam Conference held?
July 1945
111
What did Truman learn about while at the Potsdam Conference?
The first test of the atomic bomb.
112
What were 2 important decisions made at the Potsdam Conference?
The border of Poland was moved 100 west.
| Allies divided up Germany and its capital Berlin into 4 zones of occupation.
113
Where was the first atomic bomb dropped?
Hiroshima on August 6, 1945.
