Exam 3 Respiratory Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
Respiratory tract
A
carries air to and from lungs from gas exchange. 2 divisions of respiratory tract
2
Q
Conducting portion
A
nasal cavity to larger bronchioles.
3
Q
Respiratory portion
A
alveoli. gas exchange occurs in respiratory portion, lower respiratory tract. smallest bronchioles to alveoli.
4
Q
Upper respiratory tract
A
filters, warms, and humidifies incoming air. protects delicate lower tract. reabsorbs heat and water in outgoing air
5
Q
Lower RT
A
conducts air to and from gas exchange surfaces
6
Q
Respiratory defense mechanism
A
mucous, sticks onto pathogens. primary defense of lungs
7
Q
Mucosa
A
lines nasal cavity through large bronchioles. controls balance. too little could cause respiratory problems.
8
Q
Lamina propria
A
supports respiratory epithelium, has mucous to pick up pathogens. . underlying areolar tissue, mucous glands in trachea and bronchi
9
Q
Mucocillary escalator
A
Cilia moves mucous up towards pharynx. mucus traps debris. swallowed to acids in stomach or be coughed up.
10
Q
Cystic fibrosis
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no mucocilliary escalator. It stops working. average life span is 37. heart failure or chronic bacterial lung infection.
11
Q
Dorsum of nose
A
bridge formed by two nasal bones. supported by hyaline cartilage
12
Q
nasal cartilages
A
small elastic cartilages extending laterally from bridge, help keep nostrils open
13
Q
Paranasal sinuses
A
mucus secreted by these moistens/ clean nasal cavity. drains with tears through nasolacrimal duct.
14
Q
Nasal septum
A
formed by vomer and perpendicular plate of ethmoid
15
Q
Pharynx
A
throat. Shared by respiratory and digestive systems.
muscular propulsion of food into the esophagus. common passageway for solid food, liquids and air.
Naso
Oro- base of tongue.
Laryngo- hyoid to larynx
16
Q
Trachea
A
windpipe. conducts air towards lungs. to bronchi. has 15-20 c shaped tracheal cartilages which prevent collapse and over expansion.
17
Q
nasal vestivule
A
space at front of nasal cavity. coarse hairs trap large airborne particles.
18
Q
Nasal cavity opens into nasopharynx through the ________
A
choanae
19
Q
hard plate
A
forms floor of nasal cavity, operates nasal/oral cavities
20
Q
soft plate
A
fleshy part posterior to hard plate
21
Q
glottis
A
opening of larynx. voice box. where air passes through larynx. made of vocal folds and rima glottdis. vocal folds and vestibular folds (prevent foreign objects from entering glottis)
22
Q
larynx
A
mostly cartilage, surrounds and protects glottis. three large cartilages: epiglottis, thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage
23
Q
epiglottis
A
swallowing. larynx elevates, epiglottis folds back over glottis, blocks entry into respiratory tract
24
Q
thyroid cartilage
A
anterior surface is laryngeal prominence.
25
cricoid cartilage
ring around larynx. protects glottis and larynx. provides attachment for laryngal muscles
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cuneiform cartilage
between folds of tissue between each arytenoid cartilage and epiglottis
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corniculate cartilage
work with arytenoid cartilages to open and close glottis
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Arytenoid carteleges
superior surface of cricoid
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vocal cords
think of guitar strings. vibration produces sound waves (your voice)
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vocal folds
tissue folds that contain vocal ligaments
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articulation
modification of sounds by tongue teeth and lips.
32
____ bronchus is wider than ____ and at a steeper angle. forign objects in trachea often go in it
right; left
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sympathetic nervous system causes
bronchodialation
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parasympathetic nervous system causes
brochioconstriction. asthma.
35
bronchioles
no cartilage. thick smooth muscle. segmental bronchi branch give rise to these.
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terminal bronchioles lead to
pulmonary lobules or gas exchange
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respiratory bronchioli are the ____division
last
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lobar bronchi
2 in left lung 3 in right.
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bronchioles ->
terminal bronchioles -> respiratori bronchioles -> pulmonary bronchioles. branch into smaller and smaller tubes. diameter decreases
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Lungs
right- superior, middle and inferior lobe
| left- superior and inferior lobe
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right lung
horizontal tissue between superior/middle lobes, oblique fissure between middle/inferior lobes
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left lung
oblique fissure between superior/inferior lobes
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cardiac notch
left lung, accommodates pericardium / heart
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hilum
medial depression on each lung. allows passage of main bronchus, pulmonary vessels, nerves, lymphatics.
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alveoli
surrounded by elastic fibers which aid air movement and extensive capillary network for gas exchange
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plurae
serous membrane sacs surrounding lungs
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visceral plura
covers outer surface of lungs
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parietal plura
covers inner surface of thoracic wall, extends over diaphragm and mediastinum
49
pleural cavity
potential space between visceral and parietal layers of plural sac. contains plural fluid which reduces friction
50
There are three major cell types in alveolar epithelium.
pnenmocytes type 1
pneumocytes type 2
Alveolar macrophages
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Pnenmocytes type 1
thin delicate sites of gas diffusion
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pneumocystis type 2
produce surfactant- oily secretion, reduces surface tension of water in alveoli to prevent collapses
53
alveolar macrophages
locate and phagocytize particles that could clog the alveoli
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blood air barrier
where gas exchange occurs between blood and alveolar air. 2 layers
1. alveolar cell layer (epitletlum)
2. fused basement membranes (alveolar and capillary)
3. capillary endothelium
55
external respiration
exchange of gases between blood, lungs, and external environment; gas diffusion occurs across blood air barrier between alveolar air and alveolar capillaries
56
pulmonary ventilation
breathing
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internal respiration
occurs between blood and tissues. absorption of oxygen from blood. release of carbon dioxide by tissue cells
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hypoxia
low tissue oxygen levels. severely limits metabolic activities
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anoxia
no oxygen supply. much damage caused by heart attacks and strokes
60
atelectasis
lung collapse
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air flows from an area of _____ pressure to an area of _____ pressure
higher; lower
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inhalation
increased volume causes decreased pressure. air moves IN from an area of high pressure to low. intrapulmonary pressure
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exhalation
decreased volume = increased pressure. air is forced out from an area of high pressure to low. intrapulmonary pressure>atmospheric pressure. positive intrapulmonary pressure pushes air out.
64
intrapulmonary pressure
pressure inside respiratory tract, usually measured at alveoli
65
tidal volume
volume of air moved into and out of lungs in normal breath.
66
external respiration: gas diffusion
alveolar mixture: increasing blood po2 (oxygen enters blood) as it goes from pulmonary capillaries to alveolus. decreases pco2 (carbon dioxide leaves blood). so in capillaries oxygen is less before it enters alveoli and carbon dioxide is more before it enters.
67
internal respiration: gas diffusion
oxygen of blood leaving lungs in pulmonary veins drops slightly when it mixes with blood from capillaries but its higher than oxygen of interstitial fluid. co2 is giver in tissues/interstitial fluid than in blood. co2 lowers pH of blood
68
Apnea
period in which breathing has stopped
69
respiratory system
works with cardiovascular system to supply oxygen and move carbon dioxide from cells
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digestive tract
lined with permanent ridges and temporary folds. increase surface area for absorbing nutrients
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mesentery
prevents entanglement of intestines, stabilizes attached organs, provides access rout for blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics.
72
there are ____ layers of the digestive tract
4
73
mucosa
layer 1 of DT. inner lining.
-lamina propria: areolar tissue. contains blood vessels, sensory nerve endings, lymphatic vessels, smooth muscle cells, lymphoid tissue and mucous glands
-mucosal epithelium: begins and ends with strafed squamous..
..stomach small intestine and large intestine are simple columnar with goblet cells.
-villi: small mucosal projections that increase surface area for absorbtion
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submucosa
dense irregular connective tissue contains blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. also exocrine glands which secrete buffers and enzymes into digestive tract
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muscular layer
smooth muscle in inner circular and outer longitudinal layer . mechanical processing and movement along tract
76
serosa
visceral peritoneum, in abdominal cavity. this us not in oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus or rectum.
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peristalsis
contraction behind bolus to help move food down.
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bolus
food entering in digestive tract
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segmentation
movement along digestive tract
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neural control mechanisms
-Short reflexes (myenteric reflexes)
Triggered by chemoreceptors or stretch receptors in digestive tract walls.
Controlling neurons located in the myenteric plexus
-Long reflexes
Higher level of control involving interneurons and motor neurons of the CNS.
Generally control large-scale peristalsis, moving material from one region of the tract to another.
May involve parasympathetic motor fibers that synapse in the myenteric plexus
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hormonal control mechanisms
involves at least 18 hormones that effect digestive function. produced by enteroendocrine cells
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local factors
primary stimulus for digestive activities. change of pH in lumen, presence of chemicals, physical distortion of digestive tract wall
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small intestine
enzymatic nutrient dijestion and absorbtion. 90% of nutrient absorption. length: 19.7 feet/6 meters. duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
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large intestine
dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials
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stomach
chemical breakdown and mechanical processing
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ingestion
solid food and liquid enter oral cavity
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secretion
release of water, acids, enzymes, buffers, and salts by the digestive tract epithelium and by accessory digestive organs
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defecation
indigestible food is compacted into material waste called feces and are eliminated
89
oral cavity
digestion of carbs and lipids begins here, lined by oral mucosa
90
esophagus
narrowest point at beginning. enters abdominiopelvic cavity through the esophageal hiatus which is the opening in the diaphragm
91
innervation
in esophagus. maintains resting muscle tone in circular muscle layer, keeps lumen closed except when you swallow
92
upper esophageal sphinchter
prevents air from entering esophagus
93
lower esophageal sphincter
prevents back flow of stomach contents, normally is contracted
94
layers of esophageal wall
- mucosa and submucosa form large folds and allow for expansion with passage of a bolus
- muscularis externa: superior third is skeletal muscle, middle third is skeletal and smooth and inferior third is smooth muscle
- no serosa: adventitia of connective tissue actors esophagus to posterior body wall
95
stomach
empty: contracted lumen
full: can expand to contain 1-1.5 liters of chyme which is highly acidic soupy mixture formed from food saliva and gastric gland secretions
96
fundus
superior to junction between stomach and esophagus
97
cardia
medial portion. secretes mucus to protect esophagus from stomach enzymes/acid
98
body
largest region. between funds and pylorus. mixing bowl
99
pylorus
j sharpe. changes shape with mixing movements
100
functions of stomach
Temporary storage of ingested food
Mechanical digestion of ingested food
Chemical digestion of food through the action of acid and enzymes
Production of intrinsic factor
101
layers of stomach
- mucosa: alkaline mucus. protects epithelial cells against acid in gastric lumen. life span of gastric epithelial cell is 3-7 days
- submucosa
- muscular layer
- serosa
102
gastric glands
found in fundus and body: to acid gastric digestion. parietal and chief cells. secrete 1.5 L of gastric juice everyday.
in pylorus: secrete mucus and hormones that coordinate and control digestive activity
103
parietal cells secrete:
```
-Intrinsic factor
Glycoprotein that aids in vitamin B12 absorption
-Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
Activates pepsinogen
Keeps stomach at pH 1.5–2
```
104
g cells
produce hormones
105
chief cells secrete:
-Pepsinogen
Activated by HCl to become pepsin
Active proteolytic (protein-digesting) enzyme
-Newborns also produce rennin and gastric lipase
Enzymes important for the digestion of milk
106
HCI production
-Parietal cells do not create HCl in their cytoplasm (it would destroy the cell)
~~H+ and Cl– are transported and secreted separately
~~H+ is generated as carbonic anhydrase converts CO2 and H2O to carbonic acid
-Bicarbonate ejected into the interstitial fluid in exchange for a chloride ion
~~If gastric glands very active, amount of bicarbonate released is enough to increase the pH of the blood
-Chloride ions diffuse across cell and exit into the lumen of the gastric gland
-Hydrogen ions are also actively transported into the gastric gland lumen
107
Sudden influx of bicarbonate ions is called the
alkaline tide
108
many intestinal structures such as _____ and ____ add surface area to increase absorption
circular folds and intestinal villi
109
circular folds
along intestinal lining, 800 folds in small intestine. mostly in jejunum
110
intestinal villi
fingerlike projections of mucosa. covered by epithelial cells
111
intestinal glands
located at the bases of villi. stem cells divide an produce epithelia cells.
112
paneth cells
at base have a role in innate immunity. releases defensins and lysozyme
113
internal structure of villus
-capillary network in the lamina propria. carry absorbed nutrients to the hepatic portal circulation
- lacteal/lymphatic capillary: transports materials that cannot enter blood capillaries. . example:
1. Absorbed fatty acids assembled into protein–lipid packages (chylomicrons) too large to diffuse into bloodstream
2. Transported by lymphatic system to venous circulation
- smooth muscle in muscular mucosae: moves villi back and forth exposing surfaces to intestinal content. squeezes lacteal, assisting in lymph movement
- brush border: increases surface area. carpet of microvilli on surface of epithelial cells. contains enzymes that direct materials so the epithelia cells can then absorb breakdown products
114
duodenum
closet to stomach. mixing bowl, it receives chyme from stomach and digestive secretions from liver, gallbladder and pancreas. duodenal glands produce mucous. has few circular folds and small villi. main function: neutralize acidic chyme.
115
jejunum
middle segment. peritoneal cavity. numerous circular folds, long villi. has majority of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption
116
ileum
ends at ileocecal valve which is a sphincter controlling flow from the ileum into the cecum of large intestine. has few circular folds and villi are stumpy.
117
gas exchange
1. breathing moves air in/out of lungs
2. oxygen diffuses from alveoli in lungs into capillaries
3. oxygen enters red blood cells, where it binds to protein hemoglobin.
4. oxygen diffuses from blood to body's tissues, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the
tissues to the blood.
5. carbon dioxide leaves the body when we exhale
118
Carbon dioxide transport
1. Carbon dioxide is released from mitochondria
2. Carbon dioxide diffuses into a capillary
3. Carbon dioxide Is carried to the lungs
4. Carbon dioxide diffuses into a alveolus
5. Air exits through the nose or mouth
119
Oxygen transport
1. Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into surrounding capillaries
2. Oxygen enters a red blood cell
3. Oxygen binds to a molecule of hemoglobin
4. Oxygen carried through blood vessels to a capillary
5. Oxygen diffuse from the blood to the body's tissues
